Übersetzung
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Histoire ecclésiastique
CHAPITRE XVII : CE QUE PHILON RACONTE DES ASCÈTES D'EGYPTE
Sous le règne de Claude, Philon serait, dit-on, venu Rome et entré en relations avec Pierre qui y prêchait alors. Le fait ne serait pas invraisemblable ; car la dissertation dont nous parlons, entreprise par lui dans la suite et après un certain temps, expose clairement les les de l'Église qui sont en vigueur de nos jours encore parmi nous. [2] Au reste, quand il décrit, avec toute l'exactitude possible, la vie de nos ascètes, il paraît avec évidence non seulement connaître, mais approuver, préconiser et vénérer ces hommes apostoliques dont il est le contemporain : ils étaient, semble-t-il, de race hébraïque; car ils observaient encore assez complètement à la manière juive la plupart des coutumes anciennes.
[3] Philon assure d'abord que, dans le livre qu'il a écrit De la vie contemplative ou des suppliants, il n'a rien ajouté à ce qu'il devait raconter, qui soit en dehors de vérité ou qui vienne de lui même. Il dit qu'on les nommait Thérapeutes ; et Thérapeutrides, les femmes qui habitaient avec eux. Puis, il donne les motifs de celte appellation, qui leur fut donnée soit parce qu'ils soignaient et guérissaient les âmes de ceux qui allaient eux, les délivrant, ainsi que des médecins, des 171 souffrances du vice, soit en raison des soins chastes et purs et du culte qu'ils rendaient à la divinité. [4] Du reste que Philon les ait désignés par ce terme qui répondait parfaitement à leurs occupations, ou qu'en fait, on les ait appelés d'abord ainsi dès le début, le nom de chrétiens n'étant pas en usage partout, il est inutile de s'y arrêter. [5] Philon rapporte donc que d'abord ils renonçaient à leurs biens. Il dit que ceux qui s'adonnaient à cette philosophie, transféraient d'abord leur fortune à leurs parents ; puis, une fois libres de tous les soucis du siècle, ils sortaient des villes et allaient habiter des champs à l'écart et des jardins. Ils étaient persuadés que la compagnie d'hommes différents d'eux-mêmes leur était inutile et [illisible. Ils faisaient alors cela ainsi, comme il convient, avec une foi généreuse et très ardente s'exerça ni â imiter la vie des prophètes. [6| Le livre des Actes des Apôtres qui est reçu de tous, porte d'ailleurs que tous les disciples des apôtres vendaient, eux aussi, leur fortune et leurs biens et les distribuaient à chacun selon ses besoins, tellement qu'il n'y avait aucun indigent parmi eux. Ceux qui possédaient des terres ou des maisons, dit l'Écriture, les vendaient et venaient eu déposer le prix aux pieds des apôtres pour que la répartition en fût faite à chacun, selon qu'il était nécessaire.
[7] Philon rend le même témoignage de ces thérapeutes en question et voici textuellement ce qu'il ajoute :
« Il y a de ces hommes en beaucoup de pays de la terre et il fallait que les barbares eussent part à ce bien parfait aussi bien que les Grecs. Mais c'est en Égypte qu'ils sont le plus nombreux ; ils sont répandus dans chacune des divisions appelées nomes, et surtout aux environs d'Alexandrie. [8] Les meilleurs d'entre ceux de tous les pays sont envoyés en colonie dans un pays tout à fait approprié et qui est comme la patrie des thérapeutes. Il est situé au delà du lac Maréotis, sur une butte de faible élévation. Cet endroit leur convient admirablement, aussi bien à cause de la sécurité qu'il présente que pour la salubrité du climat. »
[9] Philon décrit ensuite leurs maisons et voici ce qu'il dit des églises de leur pays :
« Dans chaque demeure, il y a un oratoire appelé maison religieuse et monastère. C'est là que les thérapeutes se retirent pour accomplir seuls les mystères de leur sainte vie. Us n'apportent avec eux ni boisson, ni vivres, ni rien de tout ce qui est nécessaire aux besoins du corps, mais les lois, les oracles rendus par les prophètes, les hymnes et les autres choses qui peuvent les aider à augmenter et à perfectionner leur science et leur piété. »
Plus loin il ajoute :
« [10] Le temps qui s'écoule de l'aube au crépuscule est celui de l'ascèse. Ils lisent les saints livres et philosophent sur les doctrines de leurs ancêtres d'après la méthode allégorique. Ils pensent en effet que la parole elle-même est le symbole des choses cachées qui se manifestent dans 177 l'allégorie. [11] Ils ont aussi des ouvrages d'hommes anciens qui furent les premiers chefs de leur secte et qui ont laissé de nombreux monuments de leur système sous forme d'allégorie. Ils s'en servent comme de modèles et imitent leur genre de philosophie. »
[12] Un tel langage paraît bien être celui d'un homme qui les aurait entendus expliquer les saintes Écritures. Ce qu'il appelle les livres des anciens est peut-être vraisemblablement les évangiles et les écrits des apôtres, ainsi que certaines expositions des anciens prophètes, telles qu'on en trouve dans l'Épître aux Hébreux et les nombreuses autres lettres de Paul. [13] Quant aux psaumes nouveaux qu'ils composent, voici ce que Philon en écrit tout aussitôt :
« Ils ne se contentent pas de méditer, ils composent des chants et des hymnes à Dieu, en divers mètres et sur diverses mélodies, ne choisissant du reste forcément que des nombres très graves. »1
[14] Philon raconte encore beaucoup d'autres particularités dans ce même ouvrage; il m'a paru nécessaire de choisir celles où l'on peut saisir le caractère de la vie ecclésiastique. [15] S'il paraît à quelqu'un que cette description ne s'applique pas au genre de vie évangélique, mais qu'elle peut convenir à d'autres qu'à ceux qui ont été indiqués, ce qu'en dit ensuite Philon le persuadera. Il y a là un témoignage irréfragable pour tout homme de sens droit. Voici ce qu'il écrit :
[16] « Ils jettent d'abord dans l'âme, comme un fondement, la tempérance, et élèvent ensuite l'édifice des autres vertus. Personne parmi eux ne mange ni ne boit avant le coucher du soleil; ils pensent que le temps de la lumière est celui de la philosophie et que celui des ténèbres convient aux nécessités du corps : à celle-là,, ils consacrent [le jour ; aux autres, une courte partie de la nuit. [17] Quelques-uns même ne pensent à prendre des aliments que tous les trois jours, tant est grand leur désir de la science. Certains sont dans une telle joie et une telle jouissance, quand ils se nourrissent de la sagesse qui leur présente ses principes, avec abondance et sans compter, qu'ils passent presque un temps double sans manger, et c'est à peine s'ils goûtent à des mets nécessaires tous les six jours. »
Il nous semble que ces paroles montrent d'une façon claire et indiscutable que Philon a parlé de nos coreligionnaires.2 [18] Si toutefois quelqu'un résiste encore à l'admettre, voici des preuves plus évidentes qui auront raison de son obstination, parce qu'elles ne peuvent avoir de fondement que dans la religion des chrétiens qu'inspire l'Évangile. [19] Car il ajoute qu'il y a parmi ceux dont il est question, des femmes, mais elles sont la plupart arrivées à la vieillesse et ont gardé la virginité. La chasteté n'est pas pour elles une contrainte, comme pour certaines prêtresses grecques ; elles la conservent par libre choix et parce qu'elles désirent et recherchent la sagesse ; le désir d'en vivre leur a fait se refuser les joies du corps. Elles se perpétuent, non point par une descendance périssable, mais par des rejetons immortels que l'âme éprise de Pieu peut seule enfanter.
[20] Plus loin, il dit encore plus expressément :
« L'explication des saintes lettres se fait chez eux par des figures et des allégories. Pour eux, la loi tout entière ressemble à un être vivant; l'arrangement des paroles est le corps, l'âme est le sens invisible qui se cache dessous les mots : c'est celui-ci que cette secte cherche avant tout à contempler, essayant de découvrir dans le miroir des mots la merveilleuse beauté de la pensée qui s'y reflète. »3
[21] Qu'est-il besoin de parler encore de leurs assemblées dans un même lieu et des occupations des hommes, séparées de celles des femmes, mais réunies chacune dans un même endroit? Qu'est-il besoin de rappeler leurs exercices? Ils sont encore de nos jours en usage parmi nous. Nous nous y adonnons surtout au temps de la passion du Sauveur, que nous passons dans le jeûne, les veilles et la méditation des saintes Écritures.4 [22] Dans ce que l'auteur dont nous parlons rapporte, nous trouvons très exactement, la même coutume que nous seuls observons jusqu'à maintenant. Il raconte les veillées de la grande fête et les exercices qu'on y pratique, les hymnes que nous avons l'habitude de chanter; il dit que l'un d'eux chante seul en gardant avec soin le rythme, et que les autres l'écoulent en silence et ne chantent après lui que la fin des hymnes. Ces jours-là, ils couchent par terre sur une natte; ils ne boivent absolument pas de vin, ainsi que l'affirme expressément Philon ; ils s'abstiennent de toute espèce de viandes : l'eau est leur seul breuvage et, avec leur pain, ils ne prennent que du sel et de l'hysope. [23] Philon décrit 183 en outre l'ordre de préséance des ministres du culte ecclésiastique ; il dit les fonctions du diacre et la présidence de l'évêque élevé au-dessus de tous. Quiconque au reste désire examiner avec précision ce sujet, pourra s'en instruire dans les livres de notre écrivain. [24] Mais que Philon ait pensé aux premiers prédicateurs de la doctrine évangélique et aux institutions établies dès l'origine par les apôtres, c'est évident pour tous.
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ἀριθμοῖς BDMT1. ῥυθμοῖς AEB, compage RUFIN, ἃ ῥυθμοῖς PHILON. — χαράσσοντες EUSEBE, χαράττουσιν PHILON. ↩
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ἐθισθέντες; : Eusèbe a mal coupé son extrait; ce paticipe n'a de sens qu'avec la suite de la phrase dans Philon ; ὥσπερ φασὶ τὸ τῶν τεττίγων γένος ἀέρι τρέπεσθαι. ↩
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ὃν ἤρξατο EUSEBE; ἐν ᾧ ἤρξατο ou ὃν ἐνήρξατο mss, de Philon.— ἡ οἰκία DEMRT, syr. ; illi, RUFIN ; ἡ οἰκεία Β, ἡ θρησκεία A ; αὔτη :αὑτή, Τ1 ; mais les mss. de Philon : ἡ ψυχὴ διαφερόντως ἡ οἰκεία; ἡ λογικὴ ψθχὴ διαφερόντως τὰ οἰκεῖα, M. Schwartz. suppose que Philon avait écrit : ὃν ἤρξαντο διαφερόντως ἡ οἰκεία (sous-ent. ψυχή) θεωρεῖν. ↩
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-23. Eusèbe résume ici une bonne partie de l'ouvrage, p. 476, 23-34, et p. 481-484. Sur le fond, voy. l'état de la question dans SCHUERER, Gesch. des Jüd. Volken, t. III, p. 535, et dans la Realencyclopädie für prot. Théologie, t. XV, p. 351 (ZOELKLER). ↩
Übersetzung
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The Church History of Eusebius
Chapter XVII.--Philo's Account of the Ascetics of Egypt.
1. It is also said that Philo in the reign of Claudius became acquainted at Rome with Peter, who was then preaching there. 1 Nor is this indeed improbable, for the work of which we have spoken, and which was composed by him some years later, clearly contains those rules of the Church which are even to this day observed among us.
2. And since he describes as accurately as possible the life of our ascetics, it is clear that he not only knew, but that he also approved, while he venerated and extolled, the apostolic men of his time, who were as it seems of the Hebrew race, and hence observed, after the manner of the Jews, the most of the customs of the ancients.
3. In the work to which he gave the title, On a Contemplative Life or on Suppliants, 2 after affirming in the first place that he will add to those things which he is about to relate nothing contrary to truth or of his own invention, 3 he says that these men were called Therapeutae and the women that were with them Therapeutrides. 4 He then adds the reasons for such a name, explaining it from the fact that they applied remedies and healed the souls of those who came to them, by relieving them like physicians, of evil passions, or from the fact that they served and worshiped the Deity in purity and sincerity.
4. Whether Philo himself gave them this name, employing an epithet well suited to their mode of life, or whether the first of them really called themselves so in the beginning, since the name of Christians was not yet everywhere known, we need not discuss here.
5. He bears witness, however, that first of all they renounce their property. When they begin the philosophical 5 mode of life, he says, they give up their goods to their relatives, and then, renouncing all the cares of life, they go forth beyond the walls and dwell in lonely fields and gardens, knowing well that intercourse with people of a different character is unprofitable and harmful. They did this at that time, as seems probable, under the influence of a spirited and ardent faith, practicing in emulation the prophets' mode of life.
6. For in the Acts of the Apostles, a work universally acknowledged as authentic, 6 it is recorded that all the companions of the apostles sold their possessions and their property and distributed to all according to the necessity of each one, so that no one among them was in want. "For as many as were possessors of lands or houses," as the account says, "sold them and brought the prices of the things that were sold, and laid them at the apostles' feet, so that distribution was made unto every man according as he had need." 7
7. Philo bears witness to facts very much like those here described and then adds the following account: 8 "Everywhere in the world is this race 9 found. For it was fitting that both Greek 10 and Barbarian should share in what is perfectly good. But the race particularly abounds in Egypt, in each of its so-called nomes, 11 and especially about Alexandria.
8. The best men from every quarter emigrate, as if to a colony of the Therapeutae's fatherland, 12 to a certain very suitable spot which lies above the lake Maria 13 upon a low hill excellently situated on account of its security and the mildness of the atmosphere."
9. And then a little further on, after describing the kind of houses which they had, he speaks as follows concerning their churches, which were scattered about here and there: 14 "In each house there is a sacred apartment which is called a sanctuary and monastery, 15 where, quite alone, they perform the mysteries of the religious life. They bring nothing into it, neither drink nor food, nor any of the other things which contribute to the necessities of the body, but only the laws, and the inspired oracles of the prophets, and hymns and such other things as augment and make perfect their knowledge and piety."
10. And after some other matters he says: 16
"The whole interval, from morning to evening, is for them a time of exercise. For they read the holy Scriptures, and explain the philosophy of their fathers in an allegorical manner, regarding the written words as symbols of hidden truth which is communicated in obscure figures.
11. They have also writings of ancient men, who were the founders of their sect, and who left many monuments of the allegorical method. These they use as models, and imitate their principles."
12. These things seem to have been stated by a man who had heard them expounding their sacred writings. But it is highly probable that the works of the ancients, which he says they had, were the Gospels and the writings of the apostles, and probably some expositions of the ancient prophets, such as are contained in the Epistle to the Hebrews, and in many others of Paul's Epistles.
13. Then again he writes as follows concerning the new psalms which they composed: 17 "So that they not only spend their time in meditation, but they also compose songs and hymns to God in every variety of metre and melody, though they divide them, of course, into measures of more than common solemnity."
14. The same book contains an account of many other things, but it seemed necessary to select those facts which exhibit the characteristics of the ecclesiastical mode of life.
15. But if any one thinks that what has been said is not peculiar to the Gospel polity, but that it can be applied to others besides those mentioned, let him be convinced by the subsequent words of the same author, in which, if he is unprejudiced, he will find undisputed testimony on this subject. Philo's words are as follows: 18
16. "Having laid down temperance as a sort of foundation in the soul, they build upon it the other virtues. None of them may take food or drink before sunset, since they regard philosophizing as a work worthy of the light, but attention to the wants of the body as proper only in the darkness, and therefore assign the day to the former, but to the latter a small portion of the night.
17. But some, in whom a great desire for knowledge dwells, forget to take food for three days; and some are so delighted and feast so luxuriously upon wisdom, which furnishes doctrines richly and without stint, that they abstain even twice as long as this, and are accustomed, after six days, scarcely to take necessary food." These statements of Philo we regard as referring clearly and indisputably to those of our communion.
18. But if after these things any one still obstinately persists in denying the reference, let him renounce his incredulity and be convinced by yet more striking examples, which are to be found nowhere else than in the evangelical religion of the Christians. 19
19. For they say that there were women also with those of whom we are speaking, and that the most of them were aged virgins 20 who had preserved their chastity, not out of necessity, as some of the priestesses among the Greeks, 21 but rather by their own choice, through zeal and a desire for wisdom. And that in their earnest desire to live with it as their companion they paid no attention to the pleasures of the body, seeking not mortal but immortal progeny, which only the pious soul is able to bear of itself.
20. Then after a little he adds still more emphatically: 22 "They expound the Sacred Scriptures figuratively by means of allegories. For the whole law seems to these men to resemble a living organism, of which the spoken words constitute the body, while the hidden sense stored up within the words constitutes the soul. This hidden meaning has first been particularly studied by this sect, which sees, revealed as in a mirror of names, the surpassing beauties of the thoughts."
21. Why is it necessary to add to these things their meetings and the respective occupations of the men and of the women during those meetings, and the practices which are even to the present day habitually observed by us, especially such as we are accustomed to observe at the feast of the Saviour's passion, with fasting and night watching and study of the divine Word.
22. These things the above-mentioned author has related in his own work, indicating a mode of life which has been preserved to the present time by us alone, recording especially the vigils kept in connection with the great festival, and the exercises performed during those vigils, and the hymns customarily recited by us, and describing how, while one sings regularly in time, the others listen in silence, and join in chanting only the close of the hymns; and how, on the days referred to they sleep on the ground on beds of straw, and to use his own words, 23 "taste no wine at all, nor any flesh, but water is their only drink, and the reish with their bread is salt and hyssop."
23. In addition to this Philo describes the order of dignities which exists among those who carry on the services of the church, mentioning the diaconate, and the office of bishop, which takes the precedence over all the others. 24 But whosoever desires a more accurate knowledge of these matters may get it from the history already cited.
24. But that Philo, when he wrote these things, had in view the first heralds of the Gospel and the customs handed down from the beginning by the apostles, is clear to every one.
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This tradition that Philo met Peter in Rome and formed an acquaintance with him is repeated by Jerome (de vir ill. 11), and by Photius (Cod. 105), who even goes further, and says directly that Philo became a Christian. The tradition, however, must be regarded as quite worthless. It is absolutely certain from Philo's own works, and from the otherwise numerous traditions of antiquity that he never was a Christian, and aside from the report of Eusebius (for Jerome and Photius do not represent an independent tradition) there exists no hint of such a meeting between Peter and Philo; and when we realize that Philo was already an old man in the time of Caius (see above, chap. 4, note 8), and that Peter certainly did not reach Rome before the later years of Nero's reign, we may say that such a meeting as Eusebius records (only upon tradition, logos ?chei) is certainly not historical. Where Eusebius got the tradition we do not know. It may have been manufactured in the interest of the Philonic authorship of the De vita contemplativa, or it may have been a natural outgrowth of the ascription of that work to him, some such explanation suggesting itself to the reader of that work as necessary to explain Philo's supposed praise of Christian monks. Philo's visit to Rome during the reign of Caligula being a well-known historic fact, and Peter's visit to Rome during the reign of Claudius being assumed as likewise historic (see above, chap. 14, note 8), it was not difficult to suppose a meeting between them (the great Christian apostle and the great Jewish philosopher), and to invent for the purpose a second visit of Philo to Rome. It seems probable that the ascription of the work De vita contemplativa to Philo came before the tradition of his acquaintance with Peter in Rome (which is first mentioned by Eusebius); but in any case the two were mutually corroborative. ↩
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peri biou theoretikou e hiketon; De Vita Contemplativa. This work is still extant, and is given by Mangey, II. 471-486. Eusebius is the first writer to mention it, and he identifies the Therapeutae described in it with the Christian monks, and assumes in consequence that monasticism in the form in which he knew it existed in the apostolic age, and was known and praised by Philo. This opinion was generally adopted by the Fathers (with the single exception of Photius, Cod. 105, who looked upon the Therapeutae as a Jewish sect) and prevailed unquestioned until the Reformation, when in the Protestant reaction against monasticism it was denied that monks existed in the apostolic age, and that the Therapeutae were Christians at all. Various opinions as to their identity have been held since that time, the commonest being that they were a Jewish sect or school, parallel with the Palestinian Essenes, or that they were an outgrowth of Alexandrian Neo-Pythagoreanism. The former opinion may be said to have been the prevailing one among Christian scholars until Lucius, in his work entitled Die Therapeuten und ihre Stellung in der Gesch. der Askese (Strassburg, 1879), proved (what had been asserted already by Grätz and Jost) that the Therapeutae are really to be identified with Christian monks, and that the work De Vita Contemplativa is not a genuine work of Philo's. If the former proposition is proved, the latter follows of necessity, for it is absolutely impossible to suppose that monasticism can have existed in so developed a form (or indeed in any form) in the time of Philo. On the other hand it may be proved that the work is not Philonic, and yet it may not follow that the Therapeutae are to be identified with Christian monks. And so some scholars reject the Philonic authorship while still maintaining the Jewish character of the Therapeutae (e.g. Nicolas, Kuenen, and Weingarten; see Schürer, Gesch. der Juden im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, p. 863). In the opinion of the writer, who agrees therein with the great majority of scholars, Lucius has conclusively demonstrated both his propositions, and has shown that the work De Vita Contemplativa is the production of some Christian of the latter part of the third century, who aimed to produce an apology for and a panegyric of monasticism as it existed in his day, and thus to secure for it wider recognition and acceptance. Lucius concludes with the following words: "Wir haben es demnach in D.V.C. mit einer Tendenzschrift zu thun, welche, da sie eine weit ausgebildete und in zahlreichen Ländern verbreitete Askese, so wie Zustände voraussetzt, genau wie dieselben nur im Christenthum des dritten Jahrhunderts vorhanden waren, kaum anders aufgefasst werden kann, als eine, etwa am Ende des dritten Jahrhunderts, unter dem Namen Philo's, zu Gunsten der Christlichen Askese, verfasste Apologie, als erstes Glied eines an derartigen Producte überaus reichen Litteratur-zweige der alten Kirche." Compare with Lucius' work the reviews of it by Hilgenfeld in the Zeitschrift für wiss. Theol., 1880, pp. 423-440, and by Schürer in the Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1880, No. 5. The latter especially has added some important considerations with reference to the reasons for the composition of this work under the name of Philo. Assuming then the correctness of Lucius' conclusions, we see that Eusebius was quite right in identifying the Therapeutae with the Christian monks as he knew them in his day, but that he was quite wrong in accepting the Philonic authorship of the work in question, and in concluding that the institution of monasticism as he knew it existed already in the apostolic age (compare note 19, below). ↩
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It may fairly be doubted whether the work does not really contain considerable that is not in strict accordance with the facts observed by the author, whether his account is not to an extent idealized, and whether, in his endeavor to emphasize the Jewish character of the Therapeutae, with the design of establishing the antiquity of monasticism (compare the review of Schürer referred to above), he has not allowed himself to introduce some imaginative elements. The strong asseveration which he makes of the truthfulness of his account would rather increase than allay this suspicion, and the account itself at certain points seems to bear it out. On the whole, however, it may be regarded as a reasonably accurate sketch. Were it not such, Eusebius would not have accepted it, so unreservedly as he does, as an account of Christian monks. Lucius' exhibition of the points of similarity between the practices of the Therapeutae, as described here, and of early Christian monks, as known from other sources, is very interesting (see p. 158 sq.). ↩
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therapeutai and therapeutrides, "worshipers" or "physicians"; from therapeuo, which means either to do service to the gods, or to tend the sick. ↩
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See Bk. VI. chap. 3, note 9. ↩
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See Bk. III. chap. 4, note 14. ↩
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Acts ii. 45. ↩
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De Vita Contemplativa, §3. ↩
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Namely, the Therapeutae. ↩
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Heinichen omits, without explanation, the words kai ten Ellada, which are found in all the other editions that I have examined. Inasmuch as Heinichen gives no hint of an alternate reading at this point, I can conclude only that the words were accidentally omitted by him. ↩
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Egypt, exclusive of the cities Alexandria and Ptolemais, was divided into land districts, originally 36 in number, which were called nomoi (see Mommsen's Provinces of the Roman Empire, Scribner's ed. I. p. 255 sq.). ↩
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patrida. This word, as Schürer points out (Theol. Literaturzeitung, 1880, no. 5), is not a noun, as it is commonly regarded (and hence translated "fatherland"), but an adjective (and hence to be translated "eine vaterländische Colonie," "a colony of the fatherland"); the oikoumene, mentioned in the previous paragraph, being the fatherland of the Therapeutae. ↩
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huper limnes Marias. In Strabo the name is given as he Mareotis or Mareia limne. The Lake Mareotis (as it is most commonly called) lies in the northern part of the Delta, just south of Alexandria. It was in ancient times much more of a lake than it is now, and the description of the climate as given here is quite accurate. ↩
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Ibid. ↩
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semneion kai monasterion ↩
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Ibid. ↩
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Ibid. ↩
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Ibid.§4. ↩
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See Ibid. §8. ↩
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How Eusebius, who knew that Philo lived and wrote during the reign of Claudius, could have overlooked the fact that Christianity had not at that time been long enough established to admit of virgins growing old within the Church, is almost inexplicable. It is but another example of his carelessness in regard to chronology which comes out so often in his history. Compare Stroth's words: "In der That ein wichtiger Beweis, der gerade der irrigen Meinung des Eusebius am meisten entgegen ist. Denn sie hätten alt zum Christenthum kommen müssen, sonst konnten sie ja zu Philo's Zeiten unmöglich im Christenthum alt geworden sein, dessen Schrift Eusebius selbst in die Regierung des Claudius setzt. Es ist beinahe unbegreiflich, wie ein so guter Kopf, wie Eusebius ist, in so grobe Irrthümer fallen konnte." ↩
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For a description of the religious cults among the Greeks and Romans, that demanded virginity in their priests or priestesses, see Döllinger's Heidenthum und Judenthum, p. 182 and 521 sq. ↩
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De Vita Contemplativa, §10. ↩
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Ibid.§9. ↩
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Ibid.§§8-10. The author of the D. V. C. mentions young men that serve at table (diakonountes) and a president (proedros) who leads in the exposition of the Scriptures. Eusebius is quite right in finding in these persons deacons and bishops. The similarity is too close to be merely accidental, and the comment of Stroth upon this passage is quite unwarranted: "Was einer doch alles in einer Stelle finden kann, wenn er es darin finden will! Philo sagt, dass bei ihren gemeinschaftlichen Gastmählern einige bei Tische dienten (diakonountes), hieraus macht Eusebius Diakonate; und dass bei ihren Untersuchungen über die Bibel einer (proedros) den Vorsitz habe; hieraus macht Eusebius die bischöfliche würde (episkopes proedrian)." ↩