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Werke Tertullian (160-220) De anima

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A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.

That position of Plato's is also quite in keeping with the faith, in which he divides the soul into two parts--the rational and the irrational. To this definition we take no exception, except that we would not ascribe this twofold distinction to the nature (of the soul). It is the rational element which we must believe to be its natural condition, impressed upon it from its very first creation by its Author, who is Himself essentially rational. For how should that be other than rational, which God produced on His own prompting; nay more, which He expressly sent forth by His own afflatus or breath? The irrational element, however, we must understand to have accrued later, as having proceeded from the instigation of the serpent--the very achievement of (the first) transgression--which thenceforward became inherent in the soul, and grew with its growth, assuming the manner by this time of a natural development, happening as it did immediately at the beginning of nature. But, inasmuch as the same Plato speaks of the rational element only as existing in the soul of God Himself, if we were to ascribe the irrational element likewise to the nature which our soul has received from God, then the irrational element will be equally derived from God, as being a natural production, because God is the author of nature. Now from the devil proceeds the incentive to sin. All sin, however, is irrational: therefore the irrational proceeds from the devil, from whom sin proceeds; and it is extraneous to God, to whom also the irrational is an alien principle. The diversity, then, between these two elements arises from the difference of their authors. When, therefore, Plato reserves the rational element (of the soul) to God alone, and subdivides it into two departments: the irascible, which they call thumikon, and the concupiscible, which they designate by the term epithumetikon (in such a way as to make the first common to us and lions, and the second shared between ourselves and flies, whilst the rational element is confined to us and God)--I see that this point will have to be treated by us, owing to the facts which we find operating also in Christ. For you may behold this triad of qualities in the Lord. There was the rational element, by which He taught, by which He discoursed, by which He prepared the way of salvation; there was moreover indignation in Him, by which He inveighed against the scribes and the Pharisees; and there was the principle of desire, by which He so earnestly desired to eat the passover with His disciples. 1 In our own cases, accordingly, the irascible and the concupiscible elements of our soul must not invariably be put to the account of the irrational (nature), since we are sure that in our Lord these elements operated in entire accordance with reason. God will be angry, with perfect reason, with all who deserve His wrath; and with reason, too, will God desire whatever objects and claims are worthy of Himself. For He will show indignation against the evil man, and for the good man will He desire salvation. To ourselves even does the apostle allow the concupiscible quality. "If any man," says he, "desireth the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work." 2 Now, by saying "a good work," he shows us that the desire is a reasonable one. He permits us likewise to feel indignation. How should he not, when he himself experiences the same? "I would," says he, "that they were even cut off which trouble you." 3 In perfect agreement with reason was that indignation which resulted from his desire to maintain discipline and order. When, however, he says, "We were formerly the children of wrath," 4 he censures an irrational irascibility, such as proceeds not from that nature which is the production of God, but from that which the devil brought in, who is himself styled the lord or "master" of his own class, "Ye cannot serve two masters," 5 and has the actual designation of "father:" "Ye are of your father the devil." 6 So that you need not be afraid to ascribe to him the mastery and dominion over that second, later, and deteriorated nature (of which we have been speaking), when you read of him as "the sewer of tares," and the nocturnal spoiler of the crop of corn. 7


  1. Luke xxii. 15. ↩

  2. 1 Tim. iii. 1. ↩

  3. Gal. v. 12. ↩

  4. Eph. ii. 3. ↩

  5. Matt. vi. 24. ↩

  6. John vi. 44. ↩

  7. Matt. xiii. 25. ↩

Übersetzung ausblenden
De l'âme

XVI.

Platon s'accorde avec la foi quand il partage l'âme en deux, le raisonnable et l'irraisonnable. Nous applaudissons, il est vrai, à cette définition, mais sans attribuer l'un et l'autre à la nature. Le raisonnable doit être regardé comme inhérent à la nature, puisqu'il est communiqué à l'âme dès l'origine, par un créateur essentiellement raisonnable. Comment ne serait-il pas raisonnable ce que Dieu a produit par son ordre, à plus forte raison ce qu'il a créé proprement de son souffle? Il faut regarder comme postérieur l'irraisonnable, attendu qu'il provient de la suggestion du serpent, je veux dire cette prévarication première qui par la suite s'implanta dans l'âme et grandit avec elle, à la manière d'une propriété de la nature, parce qu'elle coïncida avec le commencement de la nature1. |28 D'ailleurs puisque, d'après le même Platon, l'âme de Dieu lui-même ne renferme que le raisonnable, attribuer à la nature que notre âme a reçue de Dieu l'irraisonnable, ce serait dire que l'irraisonnable vient de Dieu, en sa qualité d'inhérent à la nature, puisque Dieu est l'auteur de la nature. Mais l'introduction du péché appartient au démon; or tout péché est chose irraisonnable; donc l'irraisonnable vient aussi du démon de qui vient le péché, étranger à Dieu auquel est étranger tout ce qui est irraisonnable. Il faut donc chercher la différence de l'un et de l'autre dans la diversité des auteurs.

Après avoir ainsi réservé pour Dieu seul le raisonnable, Platon subdivise ce dernier en deux espèces, l'irascible, que l'on nomme qumikon, et le concupiscible, que l'on appelle e0piqumhtikon, de sorte que le premier nous est commun avec les lions, le second avec les mouches, et le raisonnable avec Dieu. Je m'aperçois qu'il est nécessaire de m'arrêter sur ce point, à cause de ce qui se rencontre dans le Christ. Car voilà que toute cette trinité se manifeste aussi dans le Seigneur: le raisonnable, par lequel il enseigne, discute et ouvre les routes du salut; l'irascible, par lequel il s'indigne contre les scribes et les pharisiens; le concupiscible, par lequel il désire manger la pâque avec ses disciples. Chez nous, par conséquent, il ne faudra pas regarder comme provenant toujours de l'irraisonnable, l'irascible et le concupiscible, puisque nous sommes certains qu'ils se sont gouvernés raisonnablement dans le Seigneur. Dieu s'indignera raisonnablement, c'est-à-dire contre ceux qui l'ont mérité; Dieu désirera raisonnablement les choses qui sont dignes de lui; car il s'indignera contre le méchant; et à l'homme de bien il désirera le salut. L'Apôtre lui-même nous permet le désir. « Si quelqu'un désire l'épiscopat, dit-il, il désire une œuvre bonne. » Par ces mots, une œuvre bonne, il nous montre que le désir est souvent raisonnable. Il nous accorde aussi l'indignation. Comment nous interdire un sentiment qu'il |29 a éprouvé? « Plût à Dieu, s'écrie-t-il, que ceux qui mettent le trouble parmi vous fussent même retranchés! » L'indignation est encore raisonnable quand elle a sa source dans l'amour de la loi. Mais quand l'Apôtre dit: « Nous étions autrefois par nature des enfants de colère, » il flétrit comme irraisonnable l'appétit irascible, parce qu'il n'est pas de cette nature qui provient de Dieu, mais de celle qu'a introduite le démon, appelé lui-même chef de son ordre: « Vous ne pouvez pas servir deux maîtres; » et surnommé lui-même père: « Pour vous, vous êtes du démon votre père, » afin que tu n'aies pas scrupule d'attribuer la propriété de l'autre nature, de la nature postérieure et viciée, à celui que tu vois semer l'ivraie après coup, et vicier pendant la nuit la pureté du froment.


  1. Saint Augustin a presque copié cette phrase: vitium pro naturâ inolevit, dit-il en parlant du péché originel. ↩

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A Treatise on the Soul
De l'âme
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Inhaltsangabe
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

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