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Werke Tertullian (160-220) De anima

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A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.

Would to God that no "heresies had been ever necessary, in order that they which are approved may be made manifest!" 1 We should then be never required to try our strength in contests about the soul with philosophers, those patriarchs of heretics, as they may be fairly called. 2 The apostle, so far back as his own time, foresaw, indeed, that philosophy would do violent injury to the truth. 3 This admonition about false philosophy he was induced to offer after he had been at Athens, had become acquainted with that loquacious city, 4 and had there had a taste of its huckstering wiseacres and talkers. In like manner is the treatment of the soul according to the sophistical doctrines of men which "mix their wine with water." 5 Some of them deny the immortality of the soul; others affirm that it is immortal, and something more. Some raise disputes about its substance; others about its form; others, again, respecting each of its several faculties. One school of philosophers derives its state from various sources, while another ascribes its departure to different destinations. The various schools reflect the character of their masters, according as they have received their impressions from the dignity 6 of Plato, or the vigour 7 of Zeno, or the equanimity 8 of Aristotle, or the stupidity 9 of Epicurus, or the sadness 10 of Heraclitus, or the madness 11 of Empedocles. The fault, I suppose, of the divine doctrine lies in its springing from Judaea 12 rather than from Greece. Christ made a mistake, too, in sending forth fishermen to preach, rather than the sophist. Whatever noxious vapours, accordingly, exhaled from philosophy, obscure the clear and wholesome atmosphere of truth, it will be for Christians to clear away, both by shattering to pieces the arguments which are drawn from the principles of things--I mean those of the philosophers--and by opposing to them the maxims of heavenly wisdom--that is, such as are revealed by the Lord; in order that both the pitfalls wherewith philosophy captivates the heathen may be removed, and the means employed by heresy to shake the faith of Christians may be repressed. We have already decided one point in our controversy with Hermogenes, as we said at the beginning of this treatise, when we claimed the soul to be formed by the breathing 13 of God, and not out of matter. We relied even there on the clear direction of the inspired statement which informs us how that "the Lord God breathed on man's face the breath of life, so that man became a living soul" 14 --by that inspiration of God, of course. On this point, therefore, nothing further need be investigated or advanced by us. It has its own treatise, 15 and its own heretic. I shall regard it as my introduction to the other branches of the subject.


  1. 1 Cor. x. 19. ↩

  2. Compare Tertullian's Adv. Hermog. c. viii. ↩

  3. Col. ii. 8. ↩

  4. Linguatam civitatem. Comp. Acts xvii. 21. ↩

  5. Isa. i. 22. ↩

  6. Honor. ↩

  7. Vigor. Another reading has "rigor" (aklerotes), harshness. ↩

  8. Tenor. ↩

  9. Stupor. ↩

  10. Moeror. ↩

  11. Furor. ↩

  12. Isa. ii. 3. ↩

  13. Flatu. ↩

  14. Gen. ii. 7. ↩

  15. Titulus. ↩

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De l'âme

III.

Plût au ciel que « les hérésies n'eussent jamais été un mal nécessaire, afin que l'on reconnût où était la vérité éprouvée! » nous n'aurions rien à démêler sur l'âme avec les philosophes, que j'appellerai les patriarches des hérétiques. De là vient que l'Apôtre voyait d'avance dans la philosophie le renversement de la vérité. En effet, c'est à Athènes, qu'il avait reconnue pour une cité instruite et polie; c'est après avoir connu la science de tous ces débitants de sagesse et d'éloquence, qu'il conçut cette maxime qui devait nous servir d'avertissement. Il se passe pour l'explication de l'âme quelque chose de semblable. Toutes les doctrines philosophiques des hommes mêlent sur ce point l'eau au vin. Les uns nient qu'elle soit immortelle, les autres affirment qu'elle est plus qu'immortelle; ceux-ci disputent de sa substance, ceux-là de sa forme, d'autres de chacune de ses facultés. Ceux-ci font dériver son essence d'autre part; ceux-là emportent ailleurs sa destinée, selon qu'ils se sont laissé persuader par la majesté de Platon, la vigueur de Zenon, la méthode d'Aristote, la stupidité d'Epicure, les larmes d'Heraclite, ou la fureur d'Empédocle. La sagesse divine s'est méprise, j'imagine, en établissant son berceau dans la Judée plutôt que dans la Grèce; le Christ s'est trompé également en appelant à sa prédication des pêcheurs plutôt que des sophistes. Toutes les vapeurs qui s'élèvent de la philosophie pour obscurcir l'air pur et serein de la vérité, les Chrétiens devront les dissiper, soit en ruinant les argumentations primordiales, c'est-à-dire philosophiques, soit en leur opposant les maximes célestes, c'est-à-dire émanées du Seigneur, afin que d'un côté tombent les raisonnements par lesquels la philosophie égare les païens, et que de l'autre soient réfutés les principes par lesquels l'hérésie ébranle les fidèles. Un point a été déjà décidé contre |7 Hermogène, ainsi que nous l'avons dit en commençant. Nous soutenons que l'âme a été formée du souffle de Dieu et non de la matière, ayant pour nous dans cette circonstance la règle inviolable de la parole divine: « Il répandit sur son visage un souffle de vie, et l'homme eut une âme vivante. » Par le souffle de Dieu conséquemment. Après cette déclaration, il n'y a plus rien à examiner. Cette vérité a son titre et son hérétique. Je commence par les autres questions.

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Inhaltsangabe
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

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