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Œuvres Tertullien (160-220) De anima

Traduction Masquer
A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.

These conclusions the Platonists disturb more by subtilty than by truth. Every body, they say, has necessarily either an animate nature 1 or an inanimate one. 2 If it has the inanimate nature, it receives motion externally to itself; if the animate one, internally. Now the soul receives motion neither externally nor internally: not externally, since it has not the inanimate nature; nor internally, because it is itself rather the giver of motion to the body. It evidently, then, is not a bodily substance, inasmuch as it receives motion neither way, according to the nature and law of corporeal substances. Now, what first surprises us here, is the unsuitableness of a definition which appeals to objects which have no affinity with the soul. For it is impossible for the soul to be called either an animate body or an inanimate one, inasmuch as it is the soul itself which makes the body either animate, if it be present to it, or else inanimate, if it be absent from it. That, therefore, which produces a result, cannot itself be the result, so as to be entitled to the designation of an animate thing or an inanimate one. The soul is so called in respect of its own substance. If, then, that which is the soul admits not of being called an animate body or an inanimate one, how can it challenge comparison with the nature and law of animate and inanimate bodies? Furthermore, since it is characteristic of a body to be moved externally by something else, and as we have already shown that the soul receives motion from some other thing when it is swayed (from the outside, of course, by something else) by prophetic influence or by madness, therefore I must be right in regarding that as bodily substance which, according to the examples we have quoted, is moved by some other object from without. Now, if to receive motion from some other thing is characteristic of a body, how much more is it so to impart motion to something else! But the soul moves the body, all whose efforts are apparent externally, and from without. It is the soul which gives motion to the feet for walking, and to the hands for touching, and to the eyes for sight, and to the tongue for speech--a sort of internal image which moves and animates the surface. Whence could accrue such power to the soul, if it were incorporeal? How could an unsubstantial thing propel solid objects? But in what way do the senses in man seem to be divisible into the corporeal and the intellectual classes? They tell us that the qualities of things corporeal, such as earth and fire, are indicated by the bodily senses--of touch and sight; whilst (the qualities) of incorporeal things--for instance, benevolence and malignity--are discovered by the intellectual faculties. And from this (they deduce what is to them) the manifest conclusion, that the soul is incorporeal, its properties being comprehended by the perception not of bodily organs, but of intellectual faculties. Well, (I shall be much surprised) if I do not at once cut away the very ground on which their argument stands. For I show them how incorporeal things are commonly submitted to the bodily senses--sound, for instance, to the organ of hearing; colour, to the organ of sight; smell, to the olfactory organ. And, just as in these instances, the soul likewise has its contact with 3 the body; not to say that the incorporeal objects are reported to us through the bodily organs, for the express reason that they come into contact with the said organs. Inasmuch, then, as it is evident that even incorporeal objects are embraced and comprehended by corporeal ones, why should not the soul, which is corporeal, be equally comprehended and understood by incorporeal faculties? It is thus certain that their argument fails. Among their more conspicuous arguments will be found this, that in their judgment every bodily substance is nourished by bodily substances; whereas the soul, as being an incorporeal essence, is nourished by incorporeal aliments--for instance, by the studies of wisdom. But even this ground has no stability in it, since Soranus, who is a most accomplished authority in medical science, affords us as answer, when he asserts that the soul is even nourished by corporeal aliments; that in fact it is, when failing and weak, actually refreshed oftentimes by food. Indeed, when deprived of all food, does not the soul entirely remove from the body? Soranus, then, after discoursing about the soul in the amplest manner, filling four volumes with his dissertations, and after weighing well all the opinions of the philosophers, defends the corporeality of the soul, although in the process he has robbed it of its immortality. For to all men it is not given to believe the truth which Christians are privileged to hold. As, therefore, Soranus has shown us from facts that the soul is nourished by corporeal aliments, let the philosopher (adopt a similar mode of proof, and) show that it is sustained by an incorporeal food. But the fact is, that no one has even been able to quench this man's 4 doubts and difficulties about the condition of the soul with the honey-water of Plato's subtle eloquence, nor to surfeit them with the crumbs from the minute nostrums of Aristotle. But what is to become of the souls of all those robust barbarians, which have had no nurture of philosopher's lore indeed, and yet are strong in untaught practical wisdom, and which although very starvelings in philosophy, without your Athenian academies and porches, and even the prison of Socrates, do yet contrive to live? For it is not the soul's actual substance which is benefited by the aliment of learned study, but only its conduct and discipline; such ailment contributing nothing to increase its bulk, but only to enhance its grace. It is, moreover, a happy circumstance that the Stoics affirm that even the arts have corporeality; since at the rate the soul too must be corporeal, since it is commonly supposed to be nourished by the arts. Such, however, is the enormous preoccupation of the philosophic mind, that it is generally unable to see straight before it. Hence (the story of) Thales falling into the well. 5 It very commonly, too, through not understanding even its own opinions, suspects a failure of its own health. Hence (the story of) Chrysippus and the hellebore. Some such hallucination, I take it, must have occurred to him, when he asserted that two bodies could not possibly be contained in one: he must have kept out of mind and sight the case of those pregnant women who, day after day, bear not one body, but even two and three at a time, within the embrace of a single womb. One finds likewise, in the records of the civil law, the instance of a certain Greek woman who gave birth to a quint 6 of children, the mother of all these at one parturition, the manifold parent of a single brood, the prolific produce from a single womb, who, guarded by so many bodies--I had almost said, a people--was herself no less then the sixth person! The whole creation testifies how that those bodies which are naturally destined to issue from bodies, are already (included) in that from which they proceed. Now that which proceeds from some other thing must needs be second to it. Nothing, however, proceeds out of another thing except by the process of generation; but then they are two (things).


  1. Animale, "having the nature of soul." ↩

  2. Inanimale. ↩

  3. Accedit. ↩

  4. We follow Oehler's view of this obscure passage, in preference to Rigaltius'. ↩

  5. See Tertullian's Ad Nationes (our translation), p. 33, Supra.. ↩

  6. Quinionem. ↩

Traduction Masquer
De l'âme

VI.

Les Platoniciens essaient d'ébranler ces principes avec plus de subtilité que de vérité. Il faut nécessairement, disent-ils, que tout corps soit animé ou inanimé. S'il est inanimé, il sera mû extérieurement; s'il est animé, il sera mû intérieurement. Or, l'âme ne sera pas mue extérieurement, puisqu'elle n'est pas inanimée; elle ne sera pas mue davantage intérieurement, puisque c'est elle plutôt qui donne au corps le mouvement. Ils concluent de là que l'âme ne peut être regardée comme un corps, puisqu'elle ne se meut d'aucun côté à la manière des substances corporelles. A cela, nous nous étonnerons d'abord de l'inconvenance d'une définition qui s'appuie sur des choses sans parité avec l'âme. En effet, l'âme ne peut être appelée un corps animé ou inanimé, puisque c'est elle-même qui rend le corps animé par sa présence, inanimé par son absence. Conséquemment, l'effet qu'elle produit, elle ne peut l'être elle-même, pour qu'on la dise un corps animé ou inanimé. Elle s'appelle âme en vertu de sa substance. Que si ce qui est âme rejette le nom de corps animé ou inanimé, comment en appelle-t-on à la forme des êtres animés et inanimés?

Ensuite, si le propre d'un corps est d'être mû extérieurement par quelqu'un, et que nous ayons démontré plus haut que l'âme est mue par quelqu'un lorsqu'elle prophétise ou s'irrite, mue extérieurement aussi, puisqu'elle l'est par quelqu'un, j'ai droit, d'après l'exemple mis en avant, de reconnaître pour un corps ce qui est mû extérieurement par un autre. En effet, si le propre d'un corps est d'être mû par un autre, à plus forte raison a-t-il la faculté d'en mouvoir un autre. Or l'âme meut le corps, et tous ses efforts se manifestent à l'extérieur. C'est elle qui donne le mouvement aux pieds pour marcher, aux mains pour toucher, aux yeux pour regarder, à la langue pour parler, espèce |10 d'image intérieure qui anime toute la surface. D'où viendrait à l'âme cette puissance si elle était incorporelle? Comment une substance, dépourvue de solidité, pourrait-elle mettre en mouvement des corps solides?

Mais comment les sens corporels et intellectuels remplissent-ils leurs fonctions dans l'homme? Les qualités des êtres corporels, dit-on, tels que la terre et le feu, nous sont annoncées par les sens corporels, tels que le toucher et la vue. Au contraire, celles des êtres incorporels, tels que la bonté, la malice, répondent aux sens intellectuels. Conséquemment, m'objectera-t-on, il est certain que l'âme est incorporelle, puisque ses propriétés ne sont pas saisies par les sens corporels, mais par les sens intellectuels. D'accord, si je ne démontre pas le vice de cette définition. Voilà qu'en effet je prouve que des êtres incorporels sont soumis aux sens corporels, le son à l'ouïe, la couleur à la vue, l'odeur à l'odorat. L'âme vient aussi vers le corps, à la manière de ces substances: qu'on ne dise donc plus que les sens corporels nous en avertissent parce qu'elles répondent aux sens corporels. Ainsi, s'il est constant que les choses incorporelles elles-mêmes sont embrassées par les sens corporels, pourquoi l'âme, qui est corporelle, ne serait-elle pas également saisie par les sens incorporels? Assurément la définition est défectueuse.

Le plus remarquable argument qu'on nous oppose est que, selon nos adversaires, tout corps se nourrit en s'assimilant d'autres corps. L'âme au contraire, ajoutent-ils, attendu son incorporéité, se nourrit de substances incorporelles, c'est-à-dire, des études de la sagesse. Mais cet argument ne se soutiendra pas davantage. Soranus, savant auteur de la médecine méthodique, répond qu'elle se nourrit d'aliments corporels, il y a mieux, qu'il lui faut de la nourriture pour réparer ses défaillances. Quoi donc? n'est-il pas vrai que sans nourriture, elle finit par abandonner complètement le corps? C'est ainsi que Soranus, après avoir écrit sur l'âme quatre volumes, et avoir examiné |11 l'opinion de tous les philosophes, déclare que l'âme est une substance corporelle quoiqu'il la dépouille de son immortalité. « Car la foi des Chrétiens n'est pas à tous. » De même que Soranus nous démontre par les faits que l'âme se nourrit d'aliments corporels, le philosophe nous prouvera aussi qu'elle se nourrit d'aliments incorporels; mais à qui est incertain de la destinée de l'âme, jamais on n'a versé l'eau de la mielleuse éloquence de Platon; jamais on n'a servi les miettes du subtil raisonneur Aristote. Que feront donc tant d'ames grossières et sans culture, auxquelles manquent les aliments de la sagesse, mais qui, dénuées d'instruction, sont riches de lumières, sans les académies et les portiques d'Athènes, sans la prison de Socrate, et qui enfin n'en vivent pas moins, quoique sevrées de la philosophie? En effet, ce n'est pas à la substance elle-même que profitent les aliments des études, mais à la discipline et à la conduite, parce qu'ils accroissent les ornements de l'âme, mais non son embonpoint.

Heureusement pour nous les stoïciens affirment que les arts sont aussi corporels. Tant il est vrai que l'âme est corporelle, puisqu'on croit qu'elle se nourrit des arts. Mais la philosophie absorbée dans ses spéculations, n'aperçoit pas la plupart du temps ce qui est à ses pieds: ainsi Thalès tomba dans un puits. Quelquefois aussi, quand l'intelligence lui manque pour comprendre, elle soupçonne un dérangement dans la santé: ainsi Chrysippe recourait à l'ellébore. Il arriva, j'imagine, quelque chose de semblable à ce philosophe, quand il nia que deux corps pussent être ensemble, oubliant ce qui a lieu pour les femmes enceintes, qui tous les jours renferment dans les parois de la même matrice non-seulement un corps, mais deux et même trois. On lit dans le Droit Civil qu'une grecque mit au monde cinq fils à la fois, mère à elle seule de tous, auteur multiple d'un enfantement unique, nombreuse accouchée d'un fruit unique, qui environnée de tant de corps, j'allais dire d'un peuple, fut elle-même le sixième corps. Toute la |12 création attestera que les corps qui doivent sortir des corps, sont déjà dans les corps dont ils sortent: ce qui provient d'un autre est nécessairement le second; or rien ne provient d'un autre, sinon lorsque, par la génération, ils sont deux.

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A Treatise on the Soul
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Table des matières
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

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