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Works Augustine of Hippo (354-430) Confessiones

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10. Seine Irrtümer vor Annahme des Evangeliums.

So hast du mich denn von jener Krankheit wiederhergestellt und den „Sohn deiner Magd“1 vorläufig leiblich gesund gemacht, um ihm später ein besseres und sichereres Heil zu verleihen. Auch in Rom knüpfte ich Verbindungen mit jenen betrogenen und betrügerischen Heiligen an, nicht nur mit den sogenannten Hörern, zu denen auch der gehörte, in dessen Haus ich krank und wieder gesund geworden war, sondern auch mit den sogenannten Auserwählten, Denn noch war ich der Meinung, nicht wir sündigten, sondern es sündige in uns eine andere Natur; es schmeichelte meinem Hochmute, ohne Schuld zu sein und, wenn ich etwas Böses begangen, nicht bekennen zu müssen, daß ich es getan, auf daß „du meine Seele heiltest, da sie ja dir sündigte“2. Lieber entschuldigte ich mich und klagte dafür irgend etwas anderes an, das in dir wäre und das doch nicht ich wäre. In Wahrheit war ich es ganz, und nur meine Gottlosigkeit hatte mein Wesen gespalten; diese Sünde war umso unheilbarer, je weniger ich mich für den Sünder hielt. Und meine fluchwürdige Ungerechtigkeit litt es eher, daß du, mein Gott, in mir zu meinem Verderben überwunden wurdest als ich von dir zu meinem Heile. Noch „hattest du nicht eine Wache an meinen Mund und S. 98 eine Tür der Schweigsamkeit an meine Lippen gelegt“3, auf daß sich nicht neige "mein Herz zu boshaften Worten, zu entschuldigen die sündhaften Entschuldigungen durch die Menschen, welche unrecht tun"; deshalb verkehrte ich noch "mit denen, die sie auserwählt hatten". Doch hatte ich schon die Hoffnung aufgegeben, in jener falschen Lehre Fortschritte machen zu können; und wenn ich nun auch beschlossen hatte, mich mit ihr zufrieden zu geben, wenn ich nichts Besseres fände, so hielt ich doch nur noch lose und nachlässig an ihr fest.

Es kam mir nämlich auch allmählich der Gedanke, jene alten Philosophen, die sogenannten Akademiker4, seien klüger als alle anderen gewesen, weil sie der Ansicht gewesen, man müsse an allem zweifeln, und den Satz aufgestellt hatten, der Mensch sei gar nicht fähig, die Wahrheit zu erkennen. Das schien mir nämlich nach allgemeiner Auffassung der Sinn ihrer Lehre zu sein, wenngleich ich noch nicht einsah, was sie damit wollten. Auch suchte ich das allzu große Vertrauen, das, wie ich sah, eben mein Gastfreund zu den Fabeleien hegte, von denen die Bücher der Manichäer voll sind, zu erschüttern. Dennoch verkehrte ich mit ihnen weit freundschaftlicher als mit den anderen Menschen, die dieser Sekte nicht angehörten. Zwar verteidigte ich sie nicht mehr mit derselben Erregtheit wie früher, doch ließen mich diese meine freundschaftlichen Beziehungen - und Rom barg deren viele! - weniger eifrig nach anderen Wahrheiten trachten, zumal ich, o Herr des Himmels und der Erde, Schöpfer alles Sichtbaren und Unsichtbaren, daran verzweifelte, in deiner Kirche die Wahrheit zu finden, der jene mich abwendig gemacht hatten. Höchst schimpflich erschien mir die Vorstellung, du habest einen menschlichen Leib und seiest eingeschlossen durch die körperlichen Umrisse unserer Glieder. S. 99 Denn wollte ich Betrachtungen über meinen Gott anstellen, so konnte ich mir ihn nur als körperliche Masse vorstellen, da mir unkörperliche Dinge überhaupt keine Existenz zu haben schienen; das war die größte und fast einzige Ursache, daß ich immer wieder in Irrtum verfiel.

Deshalb glaubte ich, daß es auch eine derartige Substanz des Bösen gebe, die eine häßliche und ungestalte Masse habe, entweder eine dichte, die man Erde nannte, oder eine feine und dünne, wie der Luftkörper ist, der, wie sie meinen, als böser Geist durch die Erde sich ausbreite. Und da das bißchen Frömmigkeit mir zu glauben verbot, ein gütiger Gott habe ein böses Wesen geschaffen, so nahm ich zwei sich bekämpfende Mächte an, beide unendlich, doch die böse in engerem, die gute in höherem Maße; aus dieser verderblichen Grundlage ergaben sich die übrigen Gotteslästerungen. Denn als mein Geist zum katholischen Glauben seine Zuflucht nehmen wollte, da wurde er zurückgestoßen, weil das nicht katholischer Glaube war, was ich dafür hielt. Und für frommer hielt ich mich, wenn ich dich, mein Gott, dessen Erbarmungen gegen mich ich jetzt bekenne, nach allen Richtungen hin unbegrenzt glaubte, ausgenommen die eine, wo dir die Masse des Bösen entgegenstehe, als wenn ich dich nach allen Seiten in die Gestalt eines menschlichen Körpers eingeschränkt dächte, Und besser schien es mir zu glauben, du habest nichts Böses erschaffen, als zu glauben, die Natur des Bösen, so wie ich sie mir dachte, stamme von dir; denn in meiner Unwissenheit hielt ich das Böse nicht nur für eine Substanz schlechthin, sondern für eine körperliche Substanz, weil ich mir ja auch selbst den Geist nur als einen luftartigen Körper, der jedoch durch den Raum sich verbreite, vorstellen konnte. Ja, auch unser Erlöser selbst, dein eingeborener Sohn, sei, so wähnte ich, als eine Art Ausstrahlung von deiner Lichtmasse zu unserem Heile hervorgegangen, so daß ich auch von ihm nichts anderes glaubte, als was ich mir in meiner Eitelkeit einbilden konnte. Eine solche Natur, glaubte ich ferner, habe auch von der Jungfrau Maria ohne Vermählung mit dein Fleische nicht geboren werden können; wie aber bei einem solchen Wesen Vermischung ohne Befleckung möglich sei, war S. 100 mir nicht ersichtlich. Daher wollte ich nicht an seine Geburt aus dem Fleische glauben, um nicht an seine Befleckung durch das Fleisch glauben zu müssen. Deine Gläubigen im Geiste werden milde und liebevoll über mich lächeln, wenn sie von diesen Irrfahrten meiner Seele lesen; allein ich war so.


  1. Ps. 115,16. ↩

  2. Ps. 40,5. ↩

  3. Ps. 140,3 f. ↩

  4. Gemeint sind die Vertreter der mittleren Akademie, Arkesilaus (315-241) und Karneades (314-320). Der akademische Skeptizismus ist nicht so radikal wie der Skeptizismus des Pyrrhon aus Elis (zur Zeit Alexanders des Großen) und hebt nicht schlechthin jede Erkenntnis auf, sondern erkennt wenigstens Wahrscheinlichkeit und verschiedene Grade von ihr an. ↩

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The Confessions of St. Augustin In Thirteen Books

Chapter X.--When He Had Left the Manichaeans, He Retained His Depraved Opinions Concerning Sin and the Origin of the Saviour.

18. Thou restoredst me then from that illness, and made sound the son of Thy hand-maid meanwhile in body, that he might live for Thee, to endow him with a higher and more enduring health. And even then at Rome I joined those deluding and deluded "saints;" not their "hearers" only,--of the number of whom was he in whose house I had fallen ill, and had recovered,--but those also whom they designate "The Elect." 1 For it still seemed to me "that it was not we that sin, but that I know not what other nature sinned in us." 2 And it gratified my pride to be free from blame and, after I had committed any fault, not to acknowledge that I had done any,--"that Thou mightest heal my soul because it had sinned against Thee;" 3 but I loved to excuse it, and to accuse something else (I wot not what) which was with me, but was not I. But assuredly it was wholly I, and my impiety had divided me against myself; and that sin was all the more incurable in that I did not deem myself a sinner. And execrable iniquity it was, O God omnipotent, that I would rather have Thee to be overcome in me to my destruction, than myself of Thee to salvation! Not yet, therefore, hadst Thou set a watch before my mouth, and kept the door of my lips, that my heart might not incline to wicked speeches, to make excuses of sins, with men that work iniquity 4 --and, therefore, was I still united with their "Elect."

19. But now, hopeless of making proficiency in that false doctrine, even those things with which I had decided upon contenting myself, providing that I could find nothing better, I now held more loosely and negligently. For I was half inclined to believe that those philosophers whom they call "Academics" 5 were more sagacious than the rest, in that they held that we ought to doubt everything, and ruled that man had not the power of comprehending any truth; for so, not yet realizing their meaning, I also was fully persuaded that they thought just as they are commonly held to do. And I did not fail frankly to restrain in my host that assurance which I observed him to have in those fictions of which the works of Manichaeus are full. Notwithstanding, I was on terms of more intimate friendship with them than with others who were not of this heresy. Nor did I defend it with my former ardour; still my familiarity with that sect (many of them being concealed in Rome) made me slower 6 to seek any other way,--particularly since I was hopeless of finding the truth, from which in Thy Church, O Lord of heaven and earth, Creator of all things visible and invisible, they had turned me aside,--and it seemed to me most unbecoming to believe Thee to have the form of human flesh, and to be bounded by the bodily lineaments of our members. And because, when I desired to meditate on my God, I knew not what to think of but a mass of bodies 7 (for what was not such did not seem to me to be), this was the greatest and almost sole cause of my inevitable error.

20. For hence I also believed evil to be a similar sort of substance, and to be possessed of its own foul and misshapen mass--whether dense, which they denominated earth, or thin and subtle, as is the body of the air, which they fancy some malignant spirit crawling through that earth. And because a piety--such as it was--compelled me to believe that the good God never created any evil nature, I conceived two masses, the one opposed to the other, both infinite, but the evil the more contracted, the good the more expansive. And from this mischievous commencement the other profanities followed on me. For when my mind tried to revert to the Catholic faith, I was cast back, since what I had held to be the Catholic faith was not so. And it appeared to me more devout to look upon Thee, my God,--to whom I make confession of Thy mercies,--as infinite, at least, on other sides, although on that side where the mass of evil was in opposition to Thee 8 I was compelled to confess Thee finite, that if on every side I should conceive Thee to be confined by the form of a human body. And better did it seem to me to believe that no evil had been created by Thee--which to me in my ignorance appeared not only some substance, but a bodily one, because I had no conception of the mind excepting as a subtle body, and that diffused in local spaces--than to believe that anything could emanate from Thee of such a kind as I considered the nature of evil to be. And our very Saviour Himself, also, Thine only-begotten, 9 I believed to have been reached forth, as it were, for our salvation out of the lump of Thy most effulgent mass, so as to believe nothing of Him but what I was able to imagine in my vanity. Such a nature, then, I thought could not be born of the Virgin Mary without being mingled with the flesh; and how that which I had thus figured to myself could be mingled without being contaminated, I saw not. I was afraid, therefore, to believe Him to be born in the flesh, lest I should be compelled to believe Him contaminated by the flesh. 10 Now will Thy spiritual ones blandly and lovingly smile at me if they shall read these my confessions; yet such was I.


  1. See iv. sec. 1, note, above. ↩

  2. See iv. sec. 26, note 2, above. ↩

  3. Ps. xli. 4. ↩

  4. Ps. cxli. 3, 4, Old Vers. See also Augustin's Commentary on the Psalms, where, using his Septuagint version, he applies this passage to the Manichaeans. ↩

  5. "Amongst these philosophers," i.e. those who have founded their systems on denial, "some are satisfied with denying certainty, admitting at the same time probability, and these are the New Academics; the others, who are the Pyrrhonists, have denied even this probability, and have maintained that all things are equally certain and uncertain" (Port. Roy. Log. iv. 1). There are, according to the usual divisions, three Academies, the old, the middle, and the new; and some subdivide the middle and the new each into two schools, making five schools of thought in all. These begin with Plato, the founder (387 B.C.), and continue to the fifth school, founded by Antiochus (83 B.C.), who, by combining his teachings with that of Aristotle and Zeno, prepared the way for Neo-Platonism and its development of the dogmatic side of Plato's teaching. In the second Academic school, founded by Arcesilas,--of whom Aristo, the Stoic, parodying the line in the Iliad (vi. 181), Prosthe leon, opithen de drakon, messe de chimaira, said sarcastically he was "Plato in front, Pyrrho behind, and Diodorus in the middle,"--the "sceptical" tendency in Platonism began to develope itself, which, under Carneades, was expanded into the doctrine of the third Academic school. Arcesilas had been a pupil of Polemo when he was head of the old Academy. Zeno also, dissatisfied with the cynical philosophy of Crates, had learnt Platonic doctrine from Polemo, and was, as Cicero tells us (De Fin. iv. 16), greatly influenced by his teaching. Zeno, however, soon founded his own school of Stoical philosophy, which was violently opposed by Arcesilas (Cicero, Acad. Post. i. 12). Arcesilas, according to Cicero (ibid.), taught his pupils that we cannot know anything, not even that we are unable to know. It is exceedingly probable, however, that he taught esoterically the doctrines of Plato to those of his pupils he thought able to receive them, keeping them back from the multitude because of the prevalence of the new doctrine. This appears to have been Augustin's view when he had arrived at a fuller knowledge of their doctrines than that he possessed at the time referred to in his Confessions. In his treatises against the Academicians (iii. 17) he maintains the wisdom of Arcesilas in this matter. He says: "As the multitude are prone to rush into false opinions, and, from being accustomed to bodies, readily, but to their hurt, believe everything to be corporeal, this most acute and learned man determined rather to unteach those who had suffered from bad teaching, than to teach those whom he did not think teachable." Again, in the first of his Letters, alluding to these treatises, he says: "It seems to me to be suitable enough to the times in which they flourished, that whatever issued pure from the fountain-head of Platonic philosophy should be rather conducted into dark and thorny thickets for the refreshment of a very few men, than left to flow in open meadow-land, where it would be impossible to keep it clear and pure from the inroads of the vulgar herd. I use the word herd' advisedly, for what is more brutish than the opinion that the soul is material?" and more to the same purpose. In his De Civ. Dei, xix 18, he contrasts the uncertainty ascribed to the doctrines of these teachers with the certainty of the Christian faith. See Burton's Bampton Lectures, note 33, and Archer Butler's Ancient Philosophy, ii. 313, 348, etc. See also vii. sec. 13, note, below. ↩

  6. See iii. sec. 21, above. ↩

  7. See iv. secs. 3, 12, and 31, above. ↩

  8. See iv. 26, note 2, above. ↩

  9. See above, sec. 12, note. ↩

  10. The dualistic belief of the Manichaean ever led him to contend that Christ only appeared in a resemblance of flesh, and did not touch its substance so as to be defiled. Hence Faustus characteristically speaks of the Incarnation (Con. Faust. xxxii. 7) as "the shameful birth of Jesus from a woman," and when pressed (ibid. xi. 1) with such passages as, Christ was "born of the seed of David according to the flesh" (Rom. i. 3), he would fall back upon what in these days we are familiar with as that "higher criticism," which rejects such parts of Scripture as it is inconvenient to receive. Paul, he said, then only "spoke as a child" (1 Cor. xiii. 11), but when he became a man in doctrine, he put away childish things, and then declared, "Though we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we Him no more." See above, sec. 16, note 3. ↩

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