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Works Augustine of Hippo (354-430) Confessiones

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7. Er heilt den Alypius von seiner Wut für Zirkusspiele.

Zusammen klagten wir in dieser Lage, die wir freundschaftlich zusammen lebten, und am meisten besprach ich mich hierüber mit Alypius und Nebridius. Von diesen stammte Alypius aus derselben Stadt wie ich, der Sohn einer der ersten Bürgerfamilien daselbst, nur jünger als ich. Er war mein Hörer gewesen, als ich in der Vaterstadt zu lehren begann, später in Karthago; mich liebte er gar sehr, weil er mich für gut und gelehrt hielt, ich ihn wegen seiner großen Anlage zur Tugend, die trotz seines jugendlichen Alters in ihm hervorleuchtete. Doch der Strudel karthagischer Sitten, in dem jene nichtsnutzigen Schauspiele so gut gedeihen, hatte auch ihn in wahnsinnige Begeisterung für Zirkusspiele hineingerissen. Während ihn diese Leidenschaft jämmerlich packte, trug ich dort in einer öffentlichen Schule Rhetorik vor, war aber noch nicht sein Lehrer wegen eines Zwistes, der zwischen mir und seinem Vater ausgebrochen war. Ich hatte erfahren, daß er eine verderbliche S. 116 Leidenschaft für den Zirkus gefaßt hatte, und empfand schwere Besorgnisse, weil er offensichtlich auf diesem Wege seine großen Anlagen zerstören mußte oder vielleicht schon zerstört hatte. Doch ihn zu warnen oder durch irgendeine Zurechtweisung von seinem Wege abzubringen, boten mir weder die Liebe des Freundes noch das Recht des Lehrers Gelegenheit. Ich glaubte, er teile seines Vaters Ansicht über mich; aber dem war nicht so. In dieser Beziehung achtete er nicht den Willen seines Vaters und fing an, mich zu grüßen, in meinen Hörsaal zu kommen, eine Zeitlang mir zuzuhören und dann wieder sich zu entfernen.

Indes dachte ich nicht mehr daran, mit ihm zu sprechen, er solle doch nicht durch blinde, verderbliche Leidenschaft für törichte Spiele sein schönes Talent zu Grunde richten. Du aber, Herr, der du der Lenker deiner Schöpfung bist, du hattest den nicht vergessen, der einst der Vorsteher deiner heiligen Geheimnisse unter deinen Kindern sein sollte, und damit seine Besserung offensichtlich dir zugeschrieben werde, so hast du sie - durch mich, allerdings ohne mein Wissen bewirkt. Denn als ich eines Tages mitten zwischen meinen Schülern an meinem gewöhnlichen Platze saß, kam er, grüßte mich, setzte sich und gab acht auf das, was gerade verhandelt wurde. Zufällig hatte ich ein Lesestück in Händen; bei dessen Erklärung glaubte ich, einen Vergleich mit den Zirkusspielen ganz passend anwenden zu können, damit meine Unterweisung angenehmer und deutlicher würde. Mit beißendem Spotte traf ich dabei die, die jener Wahnsinn in seine Fesseln geschlagen hatte. Du, o Gott, weißt es, daß ich damals nicht daran gedacht habe, den Alypius von dieser Pest zu heilen. Aber er bezog meine Worte auf sich und glaubte, ich hätte sie nur seinetwegen gesprochen. Das hätte einen anderen veranlaßt, mir zu zürnen, jener ehrenhafte Jüngling aber nahm daraus Anlaß, sich selber zu zürnen, umso inniger aber mich zu lieben. Du hattest schon früher gesagt und deinen Büchern eingefügt: „Strafe den Weisen, und er wird dich lieben“1. Allein ich hatte ihn S. 117 nicht gestraft, sondern du, der du dich aller bedienst, mit ihrem Wissen und ohne ihr Wissen und in der dir bekannten Ordnung - und diese Ordnung ist gut -, du hast aus meinem Herzen und aus meiner Zunge glühende Kohlen gemacht, mit welchen du seinen hoffnungsvollen, aber schon angeeiterten Geist ausbrennen und heilen wolltest. Schweigen möge von deinem Lobe, wer deine Erbarmungen nicht erwägt, die dich aus meinem Innersten preisen! Denn jener schwang sich alsbald auf meine Worte aus der so tiefen Grube empor, in die er mit Freuden untergetaucht war und die ihn mit elender Lust umnachtet hatte; mit starkmütiger Entsagung schüttelte er alles von sich, und der Schmutz der Zirkusspiele fiel von ihm ab, und er ging nicht mehr dahin. Dann überwand er auch das Widerstreben seines Vaters, daß er meinen Unterricht besuchen dürfe: dieser gab nach und gab es zu. Wieder begann er, meine Vorlesungen zu besuchen und wurde mit mir in den Aberglauben der Manichäer verwickelt, da er ihre öffentlich zur Schau getragene Enthaltsamkeit, die er für wahr und echt hielt, liebte. Aber sie war sinnlos und verführerisch und zog kostbare Seelen, die die Tiefe der Tugend noch nicht zu ergründen verstanden und sich leicht von der Oberfläche einer unwahren und erheuchelten Tugend täuschen ließen, in ihre Netze.


  1. Spr. 9,8. ↩

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The Confessions of St. Augustin In Thirteen Books

Chapter VII.--He Leads to Reformation His Friend Alypius, Seized with Madness for the Circensian Games.

11. These things we, who lived like friends together, jointly deplored, but chiefly and most familiarly did I discuss them with Alypius and Nebridius, of whom Alypius was born in the same town as myself, his parents being of the highest rank there, but he being younger than I. For he had studied under me, first, when I taught in our own town, and afterwards at Carthage, and esteemed me highly, because I appeared to him good and learned; and I esteemed him for his innate love of virtue, which, in one of no great age, was sufficiently eminent. But the vortex of Carthaginian customs (amongst whom these frivolous spectacles are hotly followed) had inveigled him into the madness of the Circensian games. But while he was miserably tossed about therein, I was professing rhetoric there, and had a public school. As yet he did not give ear to my teaching, on account of some ill-feeling that had arisen between me and his father. I had then found how fatally he doted upon the circus, and was deeply grieved that he seemed likely--if, indeed, he had not already done so--to cast away his so great promise. Yet had I no means of advising, or by a sort of restraint reclaiming him, either by the kindness of a friend or by the authority of a master. For I imagined that his sentiments towards me were the same as his father's; but he was not such. Disregarding, therefore, his father's will in that matter, he commenced to salute me, and, coming into my lecture-room, to listen for a little and depart.

12. But it slipped my memory to deal with him, so that he should not, through a blind and headstrong desire of empty pastimes, undo so great a wit. But Thou, O Lord, who governest the helm of all Thou hast created, hadst not forgotten him, who was one day to be amongst Thy sons, the President of Thy sacrament; 1 and that his amendment might plainly be attributed to Thyself, Thou broughtest it about through me, but I knowing nothing of it. For one day, when I was sitting in my accustomed place, with my scholars before me, he came in, saluted me, sat himself down, and fixed his attention on the subject I was then handling. It so happened that I had a passage in hand, which while I was explaining, a simile borrowed from the Circensian games occurred to me, as likely to make what I wished to convey pleasanter and plainer, imbued with a biting jibe at those whom that madness had enthralled. Thou knowest, O our God, that I had no thought at that time of curing Alypius of that plague. But he took it to himself, and thought that I would not have said it but for his sake. And what any other man would have made a ground of offence against me, this worthy young man took as a reason for being offended at himself, and for loving me more fervently. For Thou hast said it long ago, and written in Thy book, "Rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee." 2 But I had not rebuked him, but Thou, who makest use of all consciously or unconsciously, in that order which Thyself knowest (and that order is right), wroughtest out of my heart and tongue burning coals, by which Thou mightest set on fire and cure the hopeful mind thus languishing. Let him be silent in Thy praises who meditates not on Thy mercies, which from my inmost parts confess unto Thee. For he upon that speech rushed out from that so deep pit, wherein he was wilfully plunged, and was blinded by its miserable pastimes; and he roused his mind with a resolute moderation; whereupon all the filth of the Circensian pastimes 3 flew off from him, and he did not approach them further. Upon this, he prevailed with his reluctant father to let him be my pupil. He gave in and consented. And Alypius, beginning again to hear me, was involved in the same superstition as I was, loving in the Manichaeans that ostentation of continency 4 which he believed to be true and unfeigned. It was, however, a senseless and seducing continency, ensnaring precious souls, not able as yet to reach the height of virtue, and easily beguiled with the veneer of what was but a shadowy and feigned virtue.


  1. Compare v. sec. 17, note, above, and sec. 15, note, below. ↩

  2. Prov. ix. 8. ↩

  3. The games in the Provinces of the empire were on the same model as those held in the Circus Maximus at Rome, though not so imposing. This circus was one of those vast works executed by Tarquinius Priscus. Hardly a vestige of it at the present time remains, though the Cloaca Maxima, another of his stupendous works, has not, after more than 2500 years, a stone displaced, and still performs its appointed service of draining the city of Rome into the Tiber. In the circus were exhibited chariot and foot races, fights on horseback, representations of battles (on which occasion camps were pitched in the circus), and the Grecian athletic sports introduced after the conquest of that country. See also sec. 13, note, below. ↩

  4. Augustin, in book v. sec. 9, above, refers to the reputed sanctity of Manichaeus, and it may well be questioned whether the sect deserved that unmitigated reprobation he pours out upon them in his De Moribus, and in parts of his controversy with Faustus. Certain it is that Faustus laid claim, on behalf of his sect, to a very different moral character to that Augustin would impute to them. He says (Con. Faust. v. 1): "Do I believe the gospel? You ask me if I believe it, though my obedience to its commands shows that I do. I should rather ask you if you believe it, since you give no proof of your belief. I have left my father, mother, wife, and children, and all else that the Gospel requires (Matt. xix. 29); and do you ask if I believe the gospel? Perhaps you do not know what is called the gospel. The gospel is nothing else than the preaching and the precept of Christ. I have parted with all gold and silver, and have left off carrying money in my purse; content with daily food; without anxiety for to-morrow; and without solicitude about how I shall be fed, or wherewithal I shall be clothed: and do you ask if I believe the gospel? You see in me the blessings of the gospel (Matt. v. 3-11); and do you ask if I believe the gospel? You see me poor, meek, a peacemaker, pure in heart, mourning, hungering, thirsting, bearing persecutions and enmity for righteousness' sake; and do you doubt my belief in the gospel?" It is difficult to understand that Manichaeanism can have spread as largely as it did at that time, if the asceticism of many amongst them had not been real. It may be noted that in his controversy with Fortunatus, Augustin strangely declines to discuss the charges of immorality that had been brought against the Manichaeans; and in the last Chapter of his De Moribus, it appears to be indicated that one, if not more, of those whose evil deeds are there spoken of had a desire to follow the rule of life laid down by Manichaeus. ↩

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