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The Confessions of St. Augustin In Thirteen Books
Chapter VI.--Pontitianus' Account of Antony, the Founder of Monachism, and of Some Who Imitated Him.
13. And how, then, Thou didst deliver me out of the bonds of carnal desire, wherewith I was most firmly fettered, and out of the drudgery of worldly business, will I now declare and confess unto Thy name, "O Lord, my strength and my Redeemer." 1 Amid increasing anxiety, I was transacting my usual affairs, and daily sighing unto Thee. I resorted as frequently to Thy church as the business, under the burden of which I groaned, left me free to do. Alypius was with me, being after the third sitting disengaged from his legal occupation, and awaiting further opportunity of selling his counsel, as I was wont to sell the power of speaking, if it can be supplied by teaching. But Nebridius had, on account of our friendship, consented to teach under Verecundus, a citizen and a grammarian of Milan, and a very intimate friend of us all; who vehemently desired, and by the right of friendship demanded from our company, the faithful aid he greatly stood in need of. Nebridius, then, was not drawn to this by any desire of gain (for he could have made much more of his learning had he been so inclined), but, as a most sweet and kindly friend, he would not be wanting in an office of friendliness, and slight our request. But in this he acted very discreetly, taking care not to become known to those personages whom the world esteems great; thus avoiding distraction of mind, which he desired to have free and at leisure as many hours as possible, to search, or read, or hear something concerning wisdom.
14. Upon a certain day, then, Nebridius being away (why, I do not remember), lo, there came to the house to see Alypius and me, Pontitianus, a countryman of ours, in so far as he was an African, who held high office in the emperor's court. What he wanted with us I know not, but we sat down to talk together, and it fell out that upon a table before us, used for games, he noticed a book; he took it up, opened it, and, contrary to his expectation, found it to be the Apostle Paul,--for he imagined it to be one of those books which I was wearing myself out in teaching. At this he looked up at me smilingly, and expressed his delight and wonder that he had so unexpectedly found this book, and this only, before my eyes. For he was both a Christian and baptized, and often prostrated himself before Thee our God in the church, in constant and daily prayers. When, then, I had told him that I bestowed much pains upon these writings, a conversation ensued on his speaking of Antony, 2 the Egyptian monk, whose name was in high repute among Thy servants, though up to that time not familiar to us. When he came to know this, he lingered on that topic, imparting to us a knowledge of this man so eminent, and marvelling at our ignorance. But we were amazed, hearing Thy wonderful works most fully manifested in times so recent, and almost in our own, wrought in the true faith and the Catholic Church. We all wondered--we, that they were so great, and he, that we had never heard of them.
15. From this his conversation turned to the companies in the monasteries, and their manners so fragrant unto Thee, and of the fruitful deserts of the wilderness, of which we knew nothing. And there was a monastery at Milan 3 full of good brethren, without the walls of the city, under the fostering care of Ambrose, and we were ignorant of it. He went on with his relation, and we listened intently and in silence. He then related to us how on a certain afternoon, at Triers, when the emperor was taken up with seeing the Circensian games, 4 he and three others, his comrades, went out for a walk in the gardens close to the city walls, and there, as they chanced to walk two and two, one strolled away with him, while the other two went by themselves; and these, in their rambling, came upon a certain cottage inhabited by some of Thy servants, "poor in spirit," of whom "is the kingdom of heaven," 5 where they found a book in which was written the life of Antony. This one of them began to read, marvel at, and be inflamed by it; and in the reading, to meditate on embracing such a life, and giving up his worldly employments to serve Thee. And these were of the body called "Agents for Public Affairs." 6 Then, suddenly being overwhelmed with a holy love and a sober sense of shame, in anger with himself, he cast his eyes upon his friend, exclaiming, "Tell me, I entreat thee, what end we are striving for by all these labours of ours. What is our aim? What is our motive in doing service? Can our hopes in court rise higher than to be ministers of the emperor? And in such a position, what is there not brittle, and fraught with danger, and by how many dangers arrive we at greater danger? And when arrive we thither? But if I desire to become a friend of God, behold, I am even now made it." Thus spake he, and in the pangs of the travail of the new life, he turned his eyes again upon the page and continued reading, and was inwardly changed where Thou sawest, and his mind was divested of the world, as soon became evident; for as he read, and the surging of his heart rolled along, he raged awhile, discerned and resolved on a better course, and now, having become Thine, he said to his friend, "Now have I broken loose from those hopes of ours, and am determined to serve God; and this, from this hour, in this place, I enter upon. If thou art reluctant to imitate me, hinder me not." The other replied that he would cleave to him, to share in so great a reward and so great a service. Thus both of them, being now Thine, were building a tower at the necessary cost, 7 --of forsaking all that they had and following Thee. Then Pontitianus, and he that had walked with him through other parts of the garden, came in search of them to the same place, and having found them, reminded them to return as the day had declined. But they, making known to him their resolution and purpose, and how such a resolve had sprung up and become confirmed in them, entreated them not to molest them, if they refused to join themselves unto them. But the others, no whit changed from their former selves, did yet (as he said) bewail themselves, and piously congratulated them, recommending themselves to their prayers; and with their hearts inclining towards earthly things, returned to the palace. But the other two, setting their affections upon heavenly things, remained in the cottage. And both of them had affianced brides, who, when they heard of this, dedicated also their virginity unto God.
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Ps. xix. 14. ↩
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It may be well here to say a few words in regard to Monachism and Antony's relation to it:--(1) There is much in the later Platonism, with its austerities and bodily mortifications (see vii. sec. 13, note 2, above), which is in common with the asceticism of the early Church. The Therapeutae of Philo, indeed, of whom there were numbers in the neighbourhood of Alexandria in the first century, may be considered as the natural forerunners of the Egyptian monks. (2) Monachism, according to Sozomen (i. 12), had its origin in a desire to escape persecution by retirement into the wilderness. It is probable, however, that, as in the case of Paul the hermit of Thebais, the desire for freedom from the cares of life, so that by contemplation and mortification of the body, the logos or inner reason (which was held to be an emanation of God) might be purified, had as much to do with the hermit life as a fear of persecution. Mosheim, indeed (Ecc. Hist. i. part 2, c. 3), supposes Paul to have been influenced entirely by these Platonic notions. (3) Antony was born in the district of Thebes, A.D. 251, and visited Paul in the Egyptian desert a little before his death. To Antony is the world indebted for establishing communities of monks, as distinguished from the solitary asceticism of Paul; he therefore is rightly viewed as the founder of Monachism. He appears to have known little more than how to speak his native Coptic, yet during his long life (said to have been 100 years) he by his fervent enthusiasm made for himself a name little inferior to that of the "king of men," Athanasius, whom in the time of the Arian troubles he stedfastly supported, and by whom his life has been handed down to us. Augustin, in his De Doctr. Christ. (Prol. sec. 4), speaks of him as "a just and holy man, who, not being able to read himself, is said to have committed the Scriptures to memory through hearing them read by others, and by dint of wise meditation to have arrived at a thorough understanding of them." (4) According to Sozomen (iii. 14), monasteries had not been established in Europe A.D. 340. They were, Baronius tells us, introduced into Rome about that date by Athanasius, during a visit to that city. Athanasius mentions "ascetics" as dwelling at Rome A.D. 355. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, Martin, Bishop of Tours, and Jerome were enthusiastic suppporters of the system. (5) Monachism in Europe presented more of its practical and less of its contemplative side, than in its cradle in the East. An example of how the monks of the East did work for the good of others is seen in the instance of the monks of Pachomius; still in this respect, as in matters of doctrine, the West has generally shown itself more practical than the East. Probably climate and the style of living consequent thereon have much to do with this. Sulpicius Severus (dial. i. 2, De Vita Martini) may be taken to give a quaint illustration of this, when he makes one of his characters say, as he hears of the mode of living of the Eastern monks, that their diet was only suited to angels. However mistaken we may think the monkish systems to be, it cannot be concealed that in the days of anarchy and semi-barbarism they were oftentimes centres of civilisation. Certainly in its originating idea of meditative seclusion, there is much that is worthy of commendation; for, as Farindon has it (Works, iv. 130), "This has been the practice not only of holy men, but of heathen men. Thus did Tully, and Antony, and Crassus make way to that honour and renown which they afterwards purchased in eloquence (Cicero, De Officiis, ii. 13, viii. 7); thus did they pass a solitudine in scholas, a scholis in forum,--from their secret retirement into the schools, and from the schools into the pleading-place.'" ↩
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Augustin, when comparing Christian with Manichaean asceticism, says in his De Mor. Eccl. Cath. (sec. 70), "I saw at Milan a lodging-house of saints, in number not a few, presided over by one presbyter, a man of great excellence and learning." In the previous note we have given the generally received opinion, that the first monastery in Europe was established at Rome. It may be mentioned here that Muratori maintains that the institution was transplanted from the East first to Milan; others contend that the first European society was at Aquileia. ↩
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See vi. sec. 12, note 1, above. ↩
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Matt. v. 3. Roman commentators are ever ready to use this text of Scripture as an argument in favour of monastic poverty, and some may feel disposed from its context to imagine such an interpretation to be implied in this place. This, however, can hardly be so. Augustin constantly points out in his sermons, etc. in what the poverty that is pleasing to God consists. "Pauper Dei," he says (in Ps. cxxxi. 15), "in animo est, non in sacculo;" and his interpretation of this passage in his Exposition of the Sermon on the Mount (i. 3) is entirely opposed to the Roman view. We there read: "The poor in spirit are rightly understood here as meaning the humble and God-fearing, i.e. those who have not a spirit which puffeth up. Nor ought blessedness to begin at any other point whatever, if indeed it is to reach the highest wisdom. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom' (Ps. cxi. 10); whereas, on the other hand also, pride' is entitled the beginning of all sin' (Ecclus. x. 13). Let the proud, therefore, seek after and love the kingdoms of the earth, but blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.'" ↩
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"Agentes in rebus. There was a society of them still about the court. Their militia or employments were to gather in the emperor's tributes; to fetch in offenders; to do Palatini obsequia, offices of court provide corn, etc., ride on errands like messengers of the chamber, lie abroad as spies and intelligencers. They were often preferred to places of magistracy in the provinces; such were called Principes or Magistriani. St. Hierome upon Abdias, c. 1, calls them messengers. They succeeded the Frumentarii, between which two and the Curiosi and the Speculatores there was not much difference."--W. W. ↩
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Luke xiv. 26-35. ↩
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Bekenntnisse
6. Ponticianus erzählt ihm das Leben des Antonius.
Wie du mich aus den Fesseln sinnlicher Liebe, die mich so fest umschlungen hielt, und aus der Knechtschaft weltlicher Geschäfte befreit hast, will ich jetzt bekennen und deinen Namen preisen, „Herr, mein Helfer und Erlöser“1. Ich lebte in meiner gewöhnlichen, stets wachsenden Angst dahin, und täglich seufzte ich nach dir; ich besuchte häufig deine Kirche, so oft es mir die Geschäfte, unter deren Last ich seufzte, verstatteten. Bei mir war Alypius; frei von juristischer Tätigkeit, nachdem er zum dritten Male Beisitzer gewesen war, wartete er auf Leute, denen er wiederum seinen Rat verkaufen könnte, wie ich die Redekunst verkaufte, wenn sie überhaupt durch unterrichtliche Tätigkeit vermittelt werden kann. Nebridius aber war aus Freundschaft für uns bei unserem gemeinschaftlichen lieben Freunde Verecundus, einem Bürger und Professor in Mailand, Hilfslehrer geworden; dieser wünschte treue Unterstützung, deren er gar dringend bedurfte, und forderte sie mit dem Rechte der Freundschaft aus unserer Mitte. Nebridius zog also nicht aus Hoffnung auf äußere Vorteile dahin - denn wenn er gewollt hätte, hätte er mit seiner Wissenschaft viel größeren Gewinn erzielen können -, sondern nur aus Gefälligkeit wollte der liebenswürdige und sanfte Freund uns unsere Bitte nicht abschlagen. Dabei ging er sehr klug zu Werke, indem S. 171 er sich hütete in allzu nahe Berührung mit den Großen dieser Welt zu kommen, und so mit ihnen jede Unruhe des Gemütes vermied; denn er wollte es sich frei erhalten und möglichst viel freie Zeit haben, um über die Weisheit forschen und lesen oder von ihr hören zu können.
Eines Tages nun, als Nebridius aus irgendeinem Grunde nicht zu Hause war, siehe da kam zu mir und Alypius ein gewisser Ponticianus, der als Afrikaner ein Landsmann von uns war und bei Hofe ein hervorragendes Amt bekleidete. Ich weiß nicht, was er von uns wollte. Wir setzten uns zur Unterhaltung nieder. Zufällig bemerkte er auf dem Spieltische vor uns ein Buch. Er nahm und öffnete es und fand, allerdings ganz wider sein Erwarten, den Apostel Paulus; denn er hatte gemeint, es sei eins der Bücher, deren Erklärung meine Kräfte verzehrte. Dann aber blickte er mich lächelnd an und wünschte mir Glück, daß er dieses Buch und nur dieses Buch so unerwartet vor meinen Augen gefunden habe. War er doch ein gläubiger Christ, der sich häufig in der Kirche vor dir, o Gott, in langem und wiederholtem Gebet niederwarf, Als ich ihm nun erzählte, daß ich diesen Schriften größte Aufmerksamkeit zuwendete, entspann sich ein Gespräch über den ägyptischen Mönch Antonius, dessen Namen bei deinen Dienern damals in hohen Ehren stand, uns aber bis zur Stunde unbekannt geblieben war. Sobald er dies merkte, verweilte er länger dabei und machte uns Unwissende mit jenem Manne bekannt, wobei er höchlichst über unsere Unwissenheit staunte. Wir aber staunten, als wir von deinen so sicher bezeugten Wundern vernahmen, die erst kürzlich, sozusagen noch zu unserer Zeit, im wahren Glauben und in deiner katholischen Kirche geschehen waren. Wir alle wunderten uns, wir, weil die Wunder so groß waren, er, weil wir noch nie davon gehört hatten.
Darauf wandte sich seine Rede zu den Scharen der Klöster, zu den Sitten der Mönche, die von deinem Wohlgeruche duften, und zu den fruchtbaren Einöden der Wüste, von denen wir noch nichts wußten. Auch in Mailand war ein Kloster außerhalb der Stadt; gute Brüder S. 172 bewohnten es unter des Ambrosius Obhut, wir aber wußten noch nichts davon. Jener fuhr in seiner Rede fort, während wir gespannt zuhörten. So kam es, daß er erzählte, er sei einst - ich weiß nicht wann - mit drei Freunden in Trier, als der Kaiser nachmittags den Zirkusspielen beiwohnte, in den an die Stadtmauern anstoßenden Gärten spazieren gegangen; und während sie so selbander, er mit einem anderen und ebenso die beiden anderen für sich, nach verschiedenen Richtungen sich getrennt hätten, seien jene beim Herumstreifen auf eine Hütte gestoßen, wo einige deiner Diener wohnten, „Arme im Geiste, derer das Himmelreich ist“2, und dort hätten sie ein Buch gefunden, darin das Leben des Antonius beschrieben war. Einer von ihnen begann es zu lesen; er ward von Bewunderung ergriffen, geriet in Glut und sann schon während des Lesens nach, wie er den Dienst dieser Welt verlassen, ein solches Leben einschlagen und dir dienen könne; sie gehörten aber zur Zahl der geheimen Kuriere. Von heiliger Liebe erfüllt und in keuscher Scham sich zürnend richtete der Jüngling plötzlich die Augen auf seinen Freund und sprach zu ihm: "Sage doch, ich bitte dich, was wollen wir mit all unseren Anstrengungen erlangen, was suchen wir? Weswegen stehen wir im kaiserlichen Dienste? Können wir am Hofe ein größeres Ziel erhoffen als die Freundschaft des Kaisers? Und ist nicht da alles hinfällig und gefahrdrohend? Folgt nicht jeder entschwundenen Gefahr ständig eine größere? Wie lange dauert es, bis wir unser Ziel erreichen? Ein Freund Gottes aber kann ich, wenn ich will, augenblicklich werden". So sprach er und heftete unruhig in den Geburtswehen seines neuen Lebens wiederum die Augen auf die Blätter und las. Sein Inneres wurde - du sahest es - umgewandelt, und sein Geist löste sich, wie es sich bald zeigte, von der Welt. Denn während er las und die Wogen seines Herzens hochgingen, seufzte er bisweilen, unterschied vom Guten das Bessere und entschied sich dafür. Schon dein Diener, sagte er zu seinem Freunde: "Ich habe mich bereits von unserer irdischen Hoffnung losgerissen, habe beschlossen, S. 173 Gott zu dienen, und damit fange ich in dieser Stunde und an diesem Orte an. Wenn du mir nicht folgen kannst, so hindere mich wenigstens nicht". Der andere erwiderte, er wolle sein Gefährte bei diesem Kampfe sein, um dann auch den großen Lohn mit ihm zu teilen. Und nun gehörten beide dir und erbauten einen Turm des Heiles mit den geeigneten Mitteln, d. h. sie verließen all das Ihrige und folgten dir nach. Da kamen Ponticianus und der vierte, die auf anderen Wegen im Garten gewandelt, auf der Suche nach ihnen an diesen Ort, und da sie sie fanden, baten sie sie, umzukehren, da sich der Tag schon geneigt habe. Aber jene erzählten ihren Entschluß und ihr Vorhaben und wie solcher Wille in ihnen entstanden und fest geworden sei, und baten sie, ihnen nicht hinderlich zu sein, wenn sie ihnen nicht folgen könnten. Die zwei aber blieben ganz und gar die gleichen, weinten zwar, wie Ponticianus erzählte, über sich und empfahlen sich unter innigen Glückwünschen ihren Gebeten, aber kehrten, ihr Herz auf der Erde schleppend, in den Palast zurück. Jene aber hefteten ihr Herz auf den Himmel und blieben in der Hütte. Diese beiden hatten Bräute, die auf die Kunde von dieser Sinnesänderung auch ihre Jungfraulichkeit dir weihten.
