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La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE III.

PLAN DES ANTIQUITÉS DE VARRON.

Les Antiquités de Varron¹ forment quarante et un livres: vingt-cinq sur les choses humaines et seize sur les choses divines. Le Traité des choses humaines est divisé en quatre parties, suivant que l’on considère les personnes, les temps, les lieux et les actions. Sur chacun de ces objets il y a six livres; en tout vingt-quatre, plus un premier livre, qui est une introduction générale. Varron suit le même ordre pour les choses divines: considérant tour à tour les personnes qui sacrifient aux dieux, les temps, les lieux où elles sacrifient et les sacrifices eux-mêmes, il maintient exactement cette distinction subtile et emploie trois livres pour chacun de ces quatre objets; ce qui fait en tout douze livres. Mais comme il fallait dire aussi à qui sont offerts les sacrifices, car c’est là le point le plus intéressant, il aborde cette matière dans les trois derniers livres, où il parle des dieux. Ajoutez ces trois livres aux douze précédents, et joignez-y encore un livre d’introduction sur les choses divines considérées en général, voilà les seize livres dont j’ai parlé. Dans ce qui regarde les choses divines, sur les trois livres qui traitent des personnes, le premier parle des pontifes; le second, des augures ; le troisième, des quindécemvirs². Aux trois suivants, qui concernent les lieux, Varron traite premièrement des autels privés; secondement, des temples; troisièmement, des lieux sacrés. Viennent ensuite les trois livres sur les temps, c’est-à-dire sur les jours de fêtes publiques, où il parle d’abord des jours fériés, puis des jeux scéniques. Enfin, les trois livres qui concernent les sacrifices traitent successivement des consécrations, des sacrifices domestiques et des sacrifices publics. Tout cela forme une espèce de pompe religieuse où les dieux marchent les derniers à la suite du cortége; car il reste encore trois livres pour terminer l’ouvrage: l’un sur les dieux certains, l’autre sur les dieux incertains et le dernier sur les dieux principaux et choisis.

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The City of God

Chapter 3.--Varro's Distribution of His Book Which He Composed Concerning the Antiquities of Human and Divine Things.

He wrote forty-one books of antiquities. These he divided into human and divine things. Twenty-five he devoted to human things, sixteen to divine things; following this plan in that division,--namely, to give six books to each of the four divisions of human things. For he directs his attention to these considerations: who perform, where they perform, when they perform, what they perform. Therefore in the first six books he wrote concerning men; in the second six, concerning places; in the third six, concerning times; in the fourth and last six, concerning things. Four times six, however, make only twenty-four. But he placed at the head of them one separate work, which spoke of all these things conjointly.

In divine things, the same order he preserved throughout, as far as concerns those things which are performed to the gods. For sacred things are performed by men in places and times. These four things I have mentioned he embraced in twelve books, allotting three to each. For he wrote the first three concerning men, the following three concerning places, the third three concerning times, and the fourth three concerning sacred rites,--showing who should perform, where they should perform, when they should perform, what they should perform, with most subtle distinction. But because it was necessary to say--and that especially was expected--to whom they should perform sacred rites, he wrote concerning the gods themselves the last three books; and these five times three made fifteen. But they are in all, as we have said, sixteen. For he put also at the beginning of these one distinct book, speaking by way of introduction of all which follows; which being finished, he proceeded to subdivide the first three in that five-fold distribution which pertain to men, making the first concerning high priests, the second concerning augurs, the third concerning the fifteen men presiding over the sacred ceremonies. ¹ The second three he made concerning places, speaking in one of them concerning their chapels, in the second concerning their temples, and in the third concerning religious places. The next three which follow these, and pertain to times,--that is, to festival days,--he distributed so as to make one concerning holidays, the other concerning the circus games, and the third concerning scenic plays. Of the fourth three, pertaining to sacred things, he devoted one to consecrations, another to private, the last to public, sacred rites. In the three which remain, the gods themselves follow this pompous train, as it were, for whom all this culture has been expended. In the first book are the certain gods, in the second the uncertain, in the third, and last of all, the chief and select gods.