Traduction Masquer
La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE VIII.

QUELLE RAISON PORTA CAÏN À BÂTIR UNE VILLE DÈS LE COMMENCEMENT DU MONDE.

J’aime mieux maintenant défendre la vérité de l’Ecriture contre ceux qui prétendent qu’il n’est pas croyable qu’un seul homme ait bâti une ville, parce qu’il semble qu’il n’y avait encore alors que quatre hommes sur la terre, ou même trois depuis le meurtre d’Abel, savoir: Adam, Caïn et son fils Enoch, qui donna son nom à cette ville. Ceux qui raisonnent de la sorte ne considèrent pas que l’auteur de l’Histoire sainte n’était pas obligé de mentionner tous les hommes qui pouvaient exister alors, mais seulement ceux qui servaient à son sujet. Le dessein de l’écrivain, qui servait en cela d’organe au Saint-Esprit, était de descendre jusqu’à Abraham par la suite de certaines générations, et de venir des enfants d’Abraham au peuple de Dieu, qui, séparé de tous les autres peuples de la terre, devait annoncer en figure tout ce qui regardait la cité dont le règne sera éternel, et Jésus-Christ son roi et son fondateur, sans néanmoins oublier l’autre société d’hommes que nous appelons la cité de la terre, et d’en dire autant qu’il fallait pour rehausser par cette opposition l’éclat de la cité de Dieu. En effet, lorsque l’Ecriture sainte rapporte le nombre des années de la vie de ces premiers hommes, et conclut toujours ainsi de chacun d’eux : « Et il engendra des fils et des filles, et un tel vécut tant de temps, et puis il mourut¹ » ; dira-t-on, sous prétexte qu’elle ne nomine pas ces fils et ces filles, que, pendant un si grand nombre d’années qu’on vivait alors, il n’ait pu naître assez d’hommes pour bâtir même plusieurs villes? Mais il était de l’ordre de la providence de Dieu, par l’inspiration duquel ces choses ont été écrites, de distinguer d’abord ces deux sociétés: d’une part les générations des hommes, c’est-à-dire de ceux qui vivaient selon l’homme, et de l’autre, les générations des enfants de Dieu, en allant jusqu’au déluge où tous les hommes furent noyés, excepté Noé et- sa femme, avec leurs trois fils et leurs trois brus , huit personnes qui méritèrent seules d’échapper dans l’arche à cette ruine universelle.

Lors donc qu’il est écrit: « Caïn connut sa femme, et elle enfanta Enoch, et il bâtit une ville du nom de son fils Enoch », il ne s’ensuit pas qu’Enoch ait été son premier fils. L’Ecriture dit la même chose d’Adam, lorsqu’il engendra Seth: « Adam, dit-elle, connut Eve sa femme, et elle conçut et enfanta un fils qu’elle nomma Seth » ²; et cependant, Adam avait déjà engendré Caïn et Abel. Il ne s’ensuit pas non plus, de ce qu’Enoch donne son nom à la ville bâtie par Caïn, qu’il ait été son premier-né. Il se pouvait qu’il l’aimât plus que ses autres enfants. En effet, Juda, qui donna son nom à la Judée et aux Juifs, n’était pas l’aîné des enfants de Jacob. Mais quand Enoch serait le fils aîné de Caïn, il n’en faudrait pas conclure qu’il ait donné son nom à cette ville dès qu’il fut né; car un seul homme ne pouvait pas faire une ville, qui n’est autre chose qu’une multitude d’hommes unis ensemble par quelque -lien de société. Il faut croire plutôt que, la famille de Caïn s’étant si fort accrue qu’elle formait un peuple, il bâtit une ville et l’appela du nom de son aîné. Dans le fait, la vie de ces premiers hommes était si longue, quo celui qui a le moins vécu avant le déluge, selon le témoignage de l’Ecriture, a vécu sept cent cinquante-trois ans³. Plusieurs même ont passé neuf cents ans , quoique aucun n’ait été jusqu’à mille. Qui peut donc douter que, pendant la vie d’un seul homme, le genre humain n’ait pu tellement se multiplier qu’il ait été suffisant pour peupler plusieurs villes? Cela se peut facilement conjecturer, puisque le peuple hébreu, sorti du seul Abraham, s’accrut de telle façon, en l’espace d’un peu plus de quatre cents ans, qu’à la sortie d’Egypte l’Ecriture compte jusqu’à six cent mille hommes capables de porter les armes⁴, pour ne rien dire des Iduméens qui sortirent d’Esaü, petit-fils d’Abraham, ni de plusieurs autres nations issues du même Abraham, mais non pas par sa femme Sarra⁵.

Traduction Masquer
The City of God

Chapter 8.--What Cain's Reason Was for Building a City So Early in the History of the Human Race.

At present it is the history which I aim at defending, that Scripture may not be reckoned incredible when it relates that one man built a city at a time in which there seem to have been but four men upon earth, or rather indeed but three, after one brother slew the other,--to wit, the first man the father of all, and Cain himself, and his son Enoch, by whose name the city was itself called. But they who are moved by this consideration forget to take into account that the writer of the sacred history does not necessarily mention all the men who might be alive at that time, but those only whom the scope of his work required him to name. The design of that writer (who in this matter was the instrument of the Holy Ghost) was to descend to Abraham through the successions of ascertained generations propagated from one man, and then to pass from Abraham's seed to the people of God, in whom, separated as they were from other nations, was prefigured and predicted all that relates to the city whose reign is eternal, and to its king and founder Christ, which things were foreseen in the Spirit as destined to come; yet neither is this object so effected as that nothing is said of the other society of men which we call the earthly city, but mention is made of it so far as seemed needful to enhance the glory of the heavenly city by contrast to its opposite. Accordingly, when the divine Scripture, in mentioning the number of years which those men lived, concludes its account of each man of whom it speaks, with the words, "And he begat sons and daughters, and all his days were so and so, and he died," are we to understand that, because it does not name those sons and daughters, therefore, during that long term of years over which one lifetime extended in those early days, there might not have been born very many men, by whose united numbers not one but several cities might have been built? But it suited the purpose of God, by whose inspiration these histories were composed, to arrange and distinguish from the first these two societies in their several generations,--that on the one side the generations of men, that is to say, of those who live according to man, and on the other side the generations of the sons of God, that is to say, of men living according to God, might be traced down together and yet apart from one another as far as the deluge, at which point their dissociation and association are exhibited: their dissociation, inasmuch as the generations of both lines are recorded in separate tables, the one line descending from the fratricide Cain, the other from Seth, who had been born to Adam instead of him whom his brother slew; their association, inasmuch as the good so deteriorated that the whole race became of such a character that it was swept away by the deluge, with the exception of one just man, whose name was Noah, and his wife and three sons and three daughters-in-law, which eight persons were alone deemed worthy to escape from that desolating visitation which destroyed all men.

Therefore, although it is written, "And Cain knew his wife, and she conceived and bare Enoch, and he builded a city and called the name of the city after the name of his son Enoch," ¹ it does not follow that we are to believe this to have been his first-born; for we cannot suppose that this is proved by the expression "he knew his wife," as if then for the first time he had had intercourse with her. For in the case of Adam, the father of all, this expression is used not only when Cain, who seems to have been his first-born, was conceived, but also afterwards the same Scripture says, "Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived, and bare a son, and called his name Seth." ² Whence it is obvious that Scripture employs this expression neither always when a birth is recorded nor then only when the birth of a first-born is mentioned. Neither is it necessary to suppose that Enoch was Cain's first-born because he named his city after him. For it is quite possible that though he had other sons, yet for some reason the father loved him more than the rest. Judah was not the first-born, though he gives his name to Judaea and the Jews. But even though Enoch was the first-born of the city's founder, that is no reason for supposing that the father named the city after him as soon as he was born; for at that time he, being but a solitary man, could not have founded a civic community, which is nothing else than a multitude of men bound together by some associating tie. But when his family increased to such numbers that he had quite a population, then it became possible to him both to build a city, and give it, when founded, the name of his son. For so long was the life of those antediluvians, that he who lived the shortest time of those whose years are mentioned in Scripture attained to the age of 753 years. ³ And though no one attained the age of a thousand years, several exceeded the age of nine hundred. Who then can doubt that during the lifetime of one man the human race might be so multiplied that there would be a population to build and occupy not one but several cities? And this might very readily be conjectured from the fact that from one man, Abraham, in not much more than four hundred years, the numbers of the Hebrew race so increased, that in the exodus of that people from Egypt there are recorded to have been six hundred thousand men capable of bearing arms, ⁴ and this over and above the Idumaeans, who, though not numbered with Israel's descendants, were yet sprung from his brother, also a grandson of Abraham; and over and above the other nations which were of the same stock of Abraham, though not through Sarah,--that is, his descendants by Hagar and Keturah, the Ishmaelites, Midianites, etc.