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La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE XXIV.

LES SEPT SAGES ONT FLEURI SOUS LE RÈGNE DE ROMULUS, DANS LE TEMPS OU LES DIX TRIBUS D’ISRAËL FURENT MENÉES CAPTIVES EN CHALDÉE.

Sous le règne de ce même Romulus vivait Thalès le Milésien¹, l’un des Sages qui succédèrent à ces poètes théologiens parmi lesquels Orphée tient le premier rang. Environ au même temps, les dix tribus d’Israël furent vaincues par les Chaldéens et emmenées captives, tandis que les deux autres restaient paisibles à Jérusalem. Romulus ayant disparu d’une façon mystérieuse, les Romains le mirent au rang des dieux, ce qui ne se pratiquait plus depuis longtemps, et ne se fit dans la suite à l’égard des Césars que par flatterie. Cicéron prend de là occasion de donner de grandes louanges à Romulus pour avoir mérité cet honneur, non à ces époques de grossièreté et d’ignorance où il était si aisé de tromper les hommes, mais dans un siècle civilisé, déjà plein de lumières, bien que l’ingénieuse et subtile loquacité des philosophes ne se fût pas encore répandue de toutes parts. Mais si les-époques suivantes n’ont pas transformé les hommes morts en dieux, elles n’ont pas laissé d’adorer les anciennes divinités, et même d’augmenter la superstition en construisant des idoles, usage inconnu à l’antiquité. Les démons portèrent les peuples à représenter sur les théâtres les crimes supposés des dieux et à consacrer des jeux en leur honneur, pour renouveler ainsi ces vieilles fables, le monde étant trop civilisé pour en introduire de nouvelles. Numa succéda à Romulus; et bien qu’il eût peuplé Rome d’une infinité de dieux, il n’eut pas le bonheur, après sa mort, d’être de ce nombre, peut-être parce qu’on crut que le ciel en était si plein qu’il n’y restait pas de place pour lui. On dit que la sibylle de Samos vivait de son temps, vers le commencement du règne de Manassès, roi des Juifs, qui fit mourir cruellement le prophète Isaïe.

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The City of God

Chapter 24.--That the Seven Sages Flourished in the Reign of Romulus, When the Ten Tribes Which Were Called Israel Were Led into Captivity by the Chaldeans, and Romulus, When Dead, Had Divine Honors Conferred on Him.

While Romulus reigned, Thales the Milesian is said to have lived, being one of the seven sages, who succeeded the theological poets, of whom Orpheus was the most renowned, and were called Sophoi, that is, sages. During that time the ten tribes, which on the division of the people were called Israel, were conquered by the Chaldeans and led captive into their lands, while the two tribes which were called Judah, and had the seat of their kingdom in Jerusalem, remained in the land of Judea. As Romulus, when dead, could nowhere be found, the Romans, as is everywhere notorious, placed him among the gods,--a thing which by that time had already ceased to be done, and which was not done afterwards till the time of the Caesars, and then not through error, but in flattery; so that Cicero ascribes great praises to Romulus, because he merited such honors not in rude and unlearned times, when men were easily deceived, but in times already polished and learned, although the subtle and acute loquacity of the philosophers had not yet culminated. But although the later times did not deify dead men, still they did not cease to hold and worship as gods those deified of old; nay, by images, which the ancients never had, they even increased the allurements of vain and impious superstition, the unclean demons effecting this in their heart, and also deceiving them by lying oracles, so that even the fabulous crimes of the gods, which were not once imagined by a more polite age, were yet basely acted in the plays in honor of these same false deities. Numa reigned after Romulus; and although he had thought that Rome would be better defended the more gods there were, yet on his death he himself was not counted worthy of a place among them, as if it were supposed that he had so crowded heaven that a place could not be found for him there. They report that the Samian sibyl lived while he reigned at Rome, and when Manasseh began to reign over the Hebrews,--an impious king, by whom the prophet Isaiah is said to have been slain.