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The City of God
Chapter 16.--That If the Gods Had Really Possessed Any Regard for Righteousness, the Romans Should Have Received Good Laws from Them, Instead of Having to Borrow Them from Other Nations.
Moreover, if the Romans had been able to receive a rule of life from their gods, they would not have borrowed Solon's laws from the Athenians, as they did some years after Rome was founded; and yet they did not keep them as they received them, but endeavored to improve and amend them. 1 Although Lycurgus pretended that he was authorized by Apollo to give laws to the Lacedemonians, the sensible Romans did not choose to believe this, and were not induced to borrow laws from Sparta. Numa Pompilius, who succeeded Romulus in the kingdom, is said to have framed some laws, which, however, were not sufficient for the regulation of civic affairs. Among these regulations were many pertaining to religious observances, and yet he is not reported to have received even these from the gods. With respect, then, to moral evils, evils of life and conduct,--evils which are so mighty, that, according to the wisest pagans, 2 by them states are ruined while their cities stand uninjured,--their gods made not the smallest provision for preserving their worshippers from these evils, but, on the contrary, took special pains to increase them, as we have previously endeavored to prove.
In the year a.u. 299, three ambassadors were sent from Rome to Athens to copy Solon's laws, and acquire information about the institutions of Greece. On their return the Decemviri were appointed to draw up a code; and finally, after some tragic interruptions, the celebrated twelve tables were accepted as the fundamental statutes of Roman law (fons universi publici privatique juris). These were graven on brass, and hung up for public information. Livy, iii. 31-34. ↩
Possibly he refers to Plautus' Persa, iv. 4. 11-14. ↩
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La cité de dieu
CHAPITRE XVI.
SI LES DIEUX AVAIENT EU LE MOINDRE SOUCI DE FAIRE RÉGNER LA JUSTICE, ILS AURAIENT DONNÉ AUX ROMAINS DES PRÉCEPTES ET DES LOIS, AU LIEU DE LES LEUR LAISSER EMPRUNTER AUX NATIONS ÉTRANGÈRES.
Si les Romains avaient pu recevoir des lois de leurs dieux, auraient-ils emprunté aux Athéniens celles de Solon, quelques années1 après la fondation de Rome? Et encore ne les observèrent-ils pas telles qu’ils les avaient reçues, mais ils s’efforcèrent de les rendre meilleures. Je sais que Lycurgue avait feint d’avoir reçu les siennes d’Apollon, pour leur donner plus d’autorité sur l’esprit des Spartiates2; mais les Romains eurent la sagesse de n’en rien croire et de ne point puiser à cette source. On rapporte à Numa Pompilius, successeur de Romulus, l’établissement de plusieurs lois, parmi lesquelles un certain nombre qui réglaient beaucoup de choses religieuses; mais ces lois étaient loin de suffire à la conduite de l’Etat, et d’ailleurs on ne dit pas que Numa les eût reçues des dieux. Ainsi donc, pour ce qui regarde les maux de l’âme, les maux de la conduite humaine, les maux qui corrompent les moeurs, maux si graves que les plus éclairés parmi les païens ne croient pas qu’un Etat y puisse résister, même quand les villes restent debout3, pour tous les maux de ce genre, les dieux n’ont pris aucun souci d’en préserver leurs adorateurs ; bien au contraire , comme nous l’avons établi plus haut, ils ont tout fait pour les aggraver.