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Œuvres Lactance (250-325) Divinae Institutiones

Traduction Masquer
Institutions Divines

XXVI.

J'ai rapporté les raisons pour lesquelles Dieu a voulu prendre un corps faible et passible ; je dirai maintenant celles pour lesquelles il a subi le supplice de la croix, et je découvrirai la puissance qui est cachée sous l'apparence, de la faiblesse de sa mort. Il n'a rien souffert en vain. Toutes ses souffrances ont leur mystère et sont des signes de quelque vérité importante. Sa passion a ce rapport et cette conformité avec ses actions que, bien qu'elles aient produit sur-le-champ de fort notables effets, elles ont présagé de plus rares événements qui devaient arriver en un autre temps. Il a rendu la vue aux aveugles par sa puissance ; mais en la leur rendant, il a marqué qu'il rendait celle du cœur aux nations qui étaient ensevelies dans l'aveuglement et l'erreur. Il a rendu l'ouïe aux sourds; mais sa puissance ne s'est pas arrêtée là; il a marqué qu'il ferait bien retentir la voix du ciel à l'oreille intérieure de ceux qui n'avaient jamais entendu parler de la vérité. Il a rendu la parole aux muets ; c'était sans doute un merveilleux effet de sa puissance ; mais cet effet-là même n'était qu'un signe d'un changeaient plus surprenant, qui devait être bientôt accompli en ceux qui, ayant vécu jusque alors dans, une profonde ignorance des choses de Dieu, en devaient être instruits tout d'un coup et en parler avec une rare éloquence. Le plus fameux orateur du monde n'est qu'un muet quand il ne sait rien des mystères ; mais dès qu'il apprend à parler de la grandeur et de la majesté de Dieu, il commence à faire l'usage qu'il doit de sa langue. Quand elle ne dit que des faussetés, elle ne fait pas la fonction qui lui est propre, et quiconque ne sait pas parler des choses de Pieu est comme un enfant qui ne fait que bégayer, Quand le Seigneur a redressé les boiteux, il a sans doute donné une preuve évidente de sa puissance infinie; mais il a donné en même temps une figure d'un plus grand miracle, qu'il a depuis accompli en ceux qu'il a retirés des égarements de la vie du siècle et qu'il a mis dans le chemin de la vérité, afin qu'en le suivant ils arrivassent heureusement à la grâce. Les véritables boiteux sont ceux qui, étant embarrassés par leur propre ignorance, ne font que de faux pas dans le chemin de la mort.

Le Sauveur a effacé les taches de la lèpre : c'était certainement un effet sensible du pouvoir absolu qu'il exerçait sur les maladies les plus malignes; mais c'était aussi un signe de la force que sa doctrine aurait d'effacer les taches du péché et de guérir les véritables lépreux qui, étant plonges par leur cupidité dans les plaisirs les plus infâmes, sont tout couverts de taches qui font autant de honte que d'horreur. Le Sauveur a rendu la vie aux malades, et les appelant par leur nom, il les a retirés du tombeau et de la corruption. Il n'y a point de miracle si convenable à la grandeur de Dieu, ni si digne de l'admiration de tous les siècles, que de rendre la vie à ceux qui l'uni une fois perdue, que d'ajouter des années à d'autres années dont le nombre semblait limité, que de révéler le secret de la mort. Mais cette puissance, tout inexprimable qu'elle est, n'est que l'image d'une autre plus, grande que sa doctrine devait avoir ; d'appeler à la lumière de la vie une infinité de peuples qui étaient ensevelis sous les ténèbres de la mort. En effet, y a-t-il des morts plus déplorables que ceux qui ne connaissent point Dieu, qui est le principe de la vie, et qui au lieu de s'élever vers le ciel, qui est le lieu de leur origine, s'abaissent vers la terre qui n'est qu'une région de mort. Ainsi les actions les, plus merveilleuses du Sauveur étaient des figures de l'avenir. Les miracles qu'il a faits pour guérir les corps étaient des images de ceux qu'il devait faire pour guérir les âmes, et des preuves non seulement du pouvoir qu'il exerçait sur la nature, mais de celui qu'il avait de communiquer les dons célestes de sa grâce. Sa passion, n'a pas été moins mystérieuse que ses actions : elle n'a rien, çu de fortuit ni d'inutile. Comme les actions miraculeuses qu'il a faites en faveur des corps uni signifié celles qu'il ferait en faveur des âmes; ainsi les tourments qu'il a soufferts par la cruauté des Juifs, signifiaient les persécutions que ceux qui seraient animés de l'esprit de la sagesse souffriraient par l'injustice des juges et par la violence des peines. Le vinaigre qu'on lui a donné à boire, le fiel qu'on lui a donné à manger, ne promettaient que de l'aigreur et de l'amertume durant tout le cours de cette vie à ceux qui auraient le courage de soutenir la vérité. Ses souffrances, qui d'elles-mêmes étaient fâcheuses et amères, nous représentaient les peines et les afflictions auxquelles la vertu est exposée sur la terre. Ce mets et ce breuvage mis dans la bouche de notre maître, nous apprennent combien ceux qui défendent la vérité doivent supporter de misères ; car la vérité est odieuse à ceux qui vivent dans les plaisirs. La couronne d'épines qui fut mise sur sa tête, signifie qu'il assemblerait autour de soi un peuple innocent qu'il avait choisi parmi des coupables. On appelle couronne une assemblée de peuple qui est disposé en rond. Avant que nous connussions Dieu, nous n'étions que des épines, c'est-à-dire des injustes et des coupables. Nous étions éloignés de toutes sortes de bonnes œuvres et capables seulement de faire le mal. Nous avons été cueillis sur les buissons et sur les ronces, et mis sur la tête de notre Dieu, c'est-à-dire que nous sommes assemblés autour de lui, que nous l'écoutons comme notre maître, que nous le respectons comme notre roi.

Pour ce qui est de la croix, elle renferme une puissance admirable que je tâcherai d'expliquer. Dieu ayant résolu de délivrer les hommes de la servitude du péché sous laquelle ils gémissaient, envoya sur la terre un excellent docteur pour leur enseigner la route et pour leur montrer le chemin de la justice par où ils pourraient arriver à la vie éternelle. Il se revêtit d'un corps pour pouvoir donner à l'homme l'exemple des vertus qu'il lui voulait enseigner. Il s'acquitta, dans le cours de sa vie, de tous les devoirs de la justice ; mais pour enseigner aux hommes la patience dans la douleur et le mépris de la mort qui consomme la perfection et la vertu, il voulut bien tomber entre les mains d'une nation impie, bien qu'il lui fût aisé ou de les éviter par la connaissance qu'il avait de l'avenir, ou d'en échapper par la force qu'il avait de faire des miracles. Il souffrit les coups, les tourments, la couronne d'épines, afin que l'homme, suivant son exemple, triomphât de la mort et des tourments qui l'environnent. Dieu le père a eu d'importantes raisons pour choisir principalement ce genre de mort. Quelqu'un dira peut-être : « S'il était Dieu et s'il voulait mourir, que ne mourait-il d'un genre de mort qui fût plus honorable ? Pourquoi est-il mort d'un supplice aussi infâme qu'est celui de la croix, et si indigne d'un homme libre, quand même il serait criminel? » C'est qu'étant venu dans un état de faiblesse et de bassesse, pour secourir les hommes qui n'avaient rien que de faible et de bas, et pour leur faire voir qu'il n'y en avait aucun qui ne dût avoir part à l'espérance du salut, il choisit le genre de mort que l'on faisait souffrir aux personnes les plus viles et les plus méprisables, il eut encore une autre raison, qui fut : de conserver son corps entier, parce que trois jours après il le devait tirer du tombeau.

Personne ne doit ignorer qu'il avait prédit, bien avant sa passion, qu'il avait le pouvoir de rendre son esprit et de le reprendre quand il lui plairait. Quand il eut rendu l'esprit sur la croix, les bourreaux ne crurent pas qu'il fût nécessaire de lui casser les os, comme ils avaient accoutumé de les casser aux autres crucifiés, mais ils se contentèrent de lui percer le coté. Ainsi, son corps fut détaché entier de la croix, et enfermé dans le tombeau, afin qu'il fût plus disposé à ressusciter. Il y a encore une autre raison pour laquelle il a préféré la croix aux autres supplices : c'est qu'elle le devait élever, et comme l'exposer a la vue de toutes les nations. Ceux qui sont attachés à une croix sont vus de tout le monde. Le Sauveur y a été attaché pour marquer qu'il serait un jour si fort élevé et dans un état si éclatant que les peuples les plus éloignés viendraient en foule le reconnaître et l'adorer. Il n'y en a point aussi de si reculé ni de si barbare qu'il ne sache quelle a été sa passion, et quelle est la gloire dont il jouit. Il étendit les mains sur la croix et embrassa en quelque sorte tout le monde, pour montrer qu'une multitude prodigieuse, dans laquelle il se trouverait des peuples de toutes sortes de langues et de toutes sortes de tribus, viendrait d'Orient et d'Occident s'assembler sous ses bras et recevoir son signe au front.

On a une figure de cette merveille dans une cérémonie que les Juifs pratiquent encore aujourd'hui, quand ils marquent le seuil de leur porte avec le sang de l'agneau. Quand Dieu voulut frapper de mort les Égyptiens et préserver les Hébreux de ce fléau, il leur commanda d'immoler un agneau sans tache et de faire une marque sur le seuil de leurs portes avec son sang. Ainsi tous les premiers nés des Égyptiens furent tués en une nuit sans que les enfants des hébreux souffrissent aucun mal. Ce n'est pas que le sang d'une bête eût la force de les sauver; mais c'est que l'agneau que les Juifs immolèrent alors était la figure de Jésus-Christ, qui est l'agneau sans tâche, innocent, juste et saint, qui, ayant été immolé par les Juifs, sauve tous ceux qui mettent sur leur front le signe de son sang, c'est-à-dire le signe de la croix sur laquelle il l'a répandu. Le front est comme le seuil de l'homme. Le bois marqué avec du sang est une image de la croix. Le sacrifice de l'agneau est appelé pâque, c'est-à-dire passion. Quand il a été célébré de la manière que Dieu l'avait ordonné par le ministère de Moïse, il a servi à préserver les enfants des Hébreux de la mort du corps, mais il a été une figure de la force qu'aurait le sacrifice de Jésus-Christ pour sauver tout son peuple. J'expliquerai dans le dernier livre de cet ouvrage de quelle façon seront préservés ceux qui auront sur la partie la plus haute et la plus apparente de leur corps le signe du sang d'un Dieu.

Traduction Masquer
The Divine Institutes

Chap. XXVI.--Of the Cross, and Other Tortures of Jesus, and of the Figure of the Lamb Under the Law.

I have spoken of humiliation, and frailty, and suffering--why God thought fit to undergo them. Now an account must be taken of the cross itself, and its meaning must be related. What the Most High Father arranged from the beginning, and how He ordained all things which were accomplished, not only the foretelling by the prophets, which preceded and was proved true 1 in Christ, but also the manner of His suffering itself teaches. For whatever sufferings He underwent were not without meaning; 2 but they had a figurative meaning 3 and great significance, as had also those divine works which He performed, the strength and power of which had some weight indeed for the present, but also declared something for the future. Heavenly influence opened the eyes of the blind, and gave light to those who did not see; and by this deed He signified that it would come to pass that, turning to the nations which were ignorant of God, He might enlighten the breasts of the foolish with the light of wisdom, and open the eyes of their understanding to the contemplation of the truth. For they are truly blind who, not seeing heavenly things, and surrounded with the darkness of ignorance, worship earthly and frail things. He opened the ears of the deaf. It is plain that this divine power did not limit its exercise to this point; 4 but He declared that it would shortly come to pass, that they who were destitute of the truth would both hear and understand the divine words of God. For you may truly call those deaf who do not hear the things which are heavenly and true, and worthy of being performed. He loosed the tongues of the dumb, so that they spake plainly. 5 A power worthy of admiration, 6 even when it was in operation: but there was contained in this display 7 of power another meaning, which showed that it would shortly come to pass that those who were lately ignorant of heavenly things, having received the instruction of wisdom, might speak respecting God and the truth. For he who is ignorant of the divine nature, he truly is speechless and dumb, although he is the most eloquent of all men. For when the tongue has begun to speak truth--that is, to set forth the excellency and majesty of the one God--then only does it discharge the office of its nature; but as long as it speaks false things it is not rightly employed: 8 and therefore he must necessarily be speechless who cannot utter divine things. He also renewed the feet of the lame to the office of walking,--a strength of divine work worthy of praise; but the figure implied this, that the errors of a worldly and wandering life being restrained, the path of truth was opened by which men might walk to attain the favour of God. For He is truly to be considered lame, who, being enwrapped in the gloom and darkness of folly, and ignorant in what direction to go, with feet liable to stumble and fall, walks in the way of death.

Likewise He cleansed the stains and blemishes of defiled bodies,--no slight exercise of immortal power; but this strength prefigured that by the instruction of righteousness His doctrine was about to purify those defiled by the stains of sins and the blemishes of vices. For they ought truly to be accounted as leprous and unclean, 9 whom either boundless lusts compel to crimes, or insatiable pleasures to disgraceful deeds, and affect with an everlasting stain those who are branded with the marks of dishonourable actions. He raised the bodies of the dead as they lay prostrate; and calling them aloud by their names, He brought them back from death. What is more suitable to God, what more worthy of the wonder of all ages, than to have recalled 10 the life which has run its course, to have added times to the completed times of men, to have revealed the secrets of death? But this unspeakable power was the image of a greater energy, which showed that His teaching was about to have such might, that the nations throughout the world, which were estranged from God and subject to death, being animated by the knowledge of the true light, might arrive at the rewards of immortality. For you may rightly deem those to be dead, who, not knowing God the giver of life, and depressing their souls from heaven to earth, run into the snares of eternal death. The actions, therefore, which He then performed for the present, were representations of future things; the things which He displayed in injured and diseased bodies were figures 11 of spiritual things, that at present He might display to us the works of an energy which was not of earth, and for the future might show the power of His heavenly majesty. 12

Therefore, as His works had a signification also of greater power, so also His passion did not go before us as simple, or superfluous, or by chance. But as those things which He did signified the great efficacy and power of His teaching, so those things which He suffered announced that wisdom would be held in hatred. For the vinegar which they gave Him to drink, and the gall which they gave Him to eat, held forth hardships and severities 13 in this life to the followers of truth. And although His passion, which was harsh and severe in itself, gave to us a sample of the future torments which virtue itself proposes to those who linger in this world, yet drink and food of this kind, coming into the mouth of our teacher, afforded us an example of pressures, and labours, and miseries. All which things must be undergone and suffered by those who follow the truth; since the truth is bitter, and detested by all who, being destitute of virtue, give up their life to deadly pleasures. For the placing of a crown of thorns upon His head, declared that it would come to pass that He would gather to Himself a holy people from those who were guilty. For people standing around in a circle are called a corona. 14 But we, who before that we knew God were unjust, were thorns--that is, evil and guilty, not knowing what was good; and estranged from the conception and the works of righteousness, polluted all things with wickedness and lust. Being taken, therefore, from briars and thorns, we surround the sacred head of God; for, being called by Himself, and spread around Him, we stand beside God, who is our Master and Teacher, and crown Him King of the world, and Lord of all the living.

But with reference to the cross, it has great force and meaning, which I will now endeavour to show. For God (as I have before explained), when He had determined to set man free, sent as His ambassador to the earth a teacher of virtue, who might both by salutary precepts train men to innocence, and by works and deeds before their eyes 15 might open the way of righteousness, by walking in which, and following his teacher, man might attain to eternal life. He therefore assumed a body, and was clothed in a garment of flesh, that He might hold out to man, for whose instruction He had come, examples of virtue and incitements to its practice. But when He had afforded an example of righteousness in all the duties of life, in order that He might teach man also the patient endurance of pain and contempt of death, by which virtue is rendered perfect and complete, He came into the hands of an impious nation, when, by the knowledge of the future which He had, He might have avoided them, and by the same power by which He did wonderful works He might have repelled them. Therefore He endured tortures, and stripes, and thorns. At last He did not refuse even to undergo death, that under His guidance man might triumph over death, subdued and bound in chains with all its terrors. But the reason why the Most High Father chose that kind of death in preference to others, with which He should permit Him to be visited, is this. For some one may perchance say: Why, if He was God, and chose to die, did He not at least suffer by some honourable kind of death? why was it by the cross especially? why by an infamous kind of punishment, which may appear unworthy even of a man if he is free, 16 although guilty? First of all, because He, who had come in humility that He might bring assistance to the humble and men of low degree, and might hold out to all the hope of safety, was to suffer by that kind of punishment by which the humble and low usually suffer, that there might be no one at all who might not be able to imitate Him. In the next place, it was in order that His body might be kept unmutilated, 17 since He must rise again from the dead on the third day.

Nor ought any one to be ignorant of this, that He Himself, speaking before of His passion, also made it known that He had the power, when He willed it, of laying down His life and of taking it again. Therefore, because He had laid down His life while fastened to the cross, His executioners did not think it necessary to break His bones (as was their prevailing custom), but they only pierced His side. Thus His unbroken body was taken down from the cross, and carefully enclosed in a tomb. Now all these things were done lest His body, being injured and broken, should be rendered unsuitable 18 for rising again. That also was a principal cause why God chose the cross, because it was necessary that He should be lifted up on it, and the passion of God become known to all nations. For since he who is suspended upon a cross is both conspicuous to all and higher than others, the cross was especially chosen, which might signify that He would be so conspicuous, and so raised on high, that all nations from the whole world should meet together at once to know and worship Him. Lastly, no nation is so uncivilized, no region so remote, to which either His passion or the height of His majesty would be unknown. Therefore in His suffering He stretched forth His hands and measured out the world, that even then He might show that a great multitude, collected together out of all languages and tribes, from the rising of the sun even to his setting, was about to come under His wings, and to receive on their foreheads that great and lofty sign. 19 And the Jews even now exhibit a figure of this transaction when they mark their thresholds with the blood of a lamb. For when God was about to smite the Egyptians, to secure the Hebrews from that infliction He had enjoined them to slay a white 20 lamb without spot, and to place on their thresholds a mark from its blood. And thus, when the first-born of the Egyptians had perished in one night, the Hebrews alone were saved by the sign of the blood: not that the blood of a sheep had such efficacy in itself as to be the safety of men, but it was an image of things to come. For Christ was the white lamb without spot; that is, He was innocent, and just, and holy, who, being slain by the same Jews, is the salvation of all who have written on their foreheads the sign of blood--that is, of the cross, on which He shed His blood. For the forehead is the top of the threshold in man, and the wood sprinkled with blood is the emblem 21 of the cross. Lastly, the slaying of the lamb by those very persons who perform it is called the paschal feast, from the word "paschein," 22 because it is a figure of the passion, which God, foreknowing the future, delivered by Moses to be celebrated by His people. But at that time the figure was efficacious at the present for averting the danger, that it may appear what great efficacy the truth itself is about to have for the protection of God's people in the extreme necessity of the whole world. But in what manner or in what region all will be safe who have marked on the highest part of their body this sign of the true and divine blood, 23 I will show in the last book.


  1. i.e., was shown by the event to be true, not doubtful or deceptive. ↩

  2. Inania, "empty." ↩

  3. Figuram. ↩

  4. Hactenus operata est. ↩

  5. In eloquium solvit. ↩

  6. See Matt. ix. 33, "The dumb spake, and the multitudes marvelled;" Mark vii. 37, "They were beyond measure astonished, saying, He hath done all things well: He maketh both the deaf to hear and the dumb to speak." ↩

  7. Inerat huic virtuti. ↩

  8. In usu suo non est. ↩

  9. Elephantiaci, those afflicted with "elephantiasis," a kind of leprosy, covering the skin with incrustations resembling the hide of an elephant. ↩

  10. Resignasse, "to have unsealed or opened." ↩

  11. Figuram gerebant. ↩

  12. [It is undoubtedly true that all our Lord's miracles are also parables. Such also is the entire history of the Hebrews.] ↩

  13. Acerbitates et amaritudines. ↩

  14. The word "corona" denotes a "crown," and also, as here, a "ring" of persons standing around. The play on the word cannot be kept up in English. [Thus "corona tibi et judices defuerunt." Cicero, Nat. Deor., ii. 1. So Ignatius, ste'phanon tou presbuteri'ou = corona presbyterii, vol. i. [^64]p. 64, this series."] ↩

  15. Praesentibus. ↩

  16. The cross was the usual punishment of slaves. ↩

  17. Integrum. ↩

  18. A weak and senseless reason. The true cause is given by St. John xix. 36: "These things were done that the scripture should be fulfilled, A bone of Him shall not be broken." [The previous question, however, remains: Why was the Paschal lamb to be of unbroken bones, and why the special providence that fulfilled the type? Doubtless He who raised up His body could have restored it, had the bones also been broken; but the preciousness of Christ's body was thus indicated as in the new tomb, the fine linen and spices, and the ministry of "the rich in his death, because He had done no violence," etc.--Isa. liii. 9.] ↩

  19. The sign of the cross used in baptism. ↩

  20. The account, Ex. xii., makes no mention of colour. "Without spot" is equivalent to "without blemish." [But the whiteness implied. "Without spot" excludes "the ring-streaked and speckled," and a black lamb a fortiori --1 Pet. i. 19. "Without spot" settles the case. Isa. i. 18 proves that the normal wool is white.] ↩

  21. Significatio. ↩

  22. a`po tou pa'schein, "from suffering" The word "pascha" is not derived from Greek, as Lactantius supposes, but from the Hebrew "pasach," to pass over. ↩

  23. [See book vii., and the Epitome, cap. li., infra.] ↩

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