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The Divine Institutes
Chap. II.--To What an Extent the Christian Truth Has Been Assailed by Rash Men.
Therefore, because there have been wanting among us suitable and skilful teachers, who might vigorously and sharply refute public errors, and who might defend the whole cause of truth with elegance and copiousness, this very want incited some to venture to write against the truth, which was unknown to them. I pass by those who in former times in vain assailed it. When I was teaching rhetorical learning in Bithynia, having been called thither, and it had happened that at the same time the temple of God was overthrown, there were living at the same place two men who insulted the truth as it lay prostrate and overthrown, I know not whether with greater arrogance or harshness: the one of whom professed himself the high priest of philosophy; 1 but he was so addicted to vice, that, though a teacher of abstinence, he was not less inflamed with avarice than with lusts; so extravagant in his manner of living, that though in his school he was the maintainer of virtue, the praiser of parsimony and poverty, he dined less sumptuously in a palace than at his own house. Nevertheless he sheltered 2 his vices by his hair 3 and his cloak, and (that which is the greatest screen 4 ) by his riches; and that he might increase these, he used to penetrate with wonderful effort 5 to the friendships of the judges; and he suddenly attached them to himself by the authority of a fictitious name, not only that he might make a traffic of their decisions, but also that he might by this influence hinder his neighbours, whom he was driving from their homes and lands, from the recovery of their property. This man, in truth, who overthrew his own arguments by his character, or censured his own character by his arguments, a weighty censor and most keen accuser against himself, at the very same time in which a righteous people were impiously assailed, vomited forth three books against the Christian religion and name; professing, above all things, that it was the office of a philosopher to remedy the errors of men, and to recall them to the true way, that is, to the worship of the gods, by whose power and majesty, as he said, the world is governed; and not to permit that inexperienced men should be enticed by the frauds of any, lest their simplicity should be a prey and sustenance to crafty men.
Therefore he said that he had undertaken this office, worthy of philosophy, that he might hold out to those who do not see the light of wisdom, not only that they may return to a healthy state of mind, having undertaken the worship of the gods, but also that, having laid aside their pertinacious obstinacy, they may avoid tortures of the body, nor wish in vain to endure cruel lacerations of their limbs. But that it might be evident on what account he had laboriously worked out that task, he broke out profusely into praises of the princes, whose piety and foresight, as he himself indeed said, had been distinguished both in other matters, and especially in defending the religious rites of the gods; that he had, in short, consulted the interests of men, in order that, impious and foolish superstition having been restrained, all men might have leisure for lawful sacred rites, and might experience the gods propitious to them. But when he wished to weaken the grounds of that religion against which he was pleading, he appeared senseless, vain, and ridiculous; because that weighty adviser of the advantage of others was ignorant not only what to oppose, but even what to speak. For if any of our religion were present, although they were silent on account of the time, nevertheless in their mind they derided him; since they saw a man professing that he would enlighten others, when he himself was blind; that he would recall others from error, when he himself was ignorant where to plant his feet; that he would instruct others to the truth, of which he himself had never seen even a spark at any time; inasmuch as he who was a professor of wisdom, endeavoured to overthrow wisdom. All, however, censured this, that he undertook this work at that time in particular, in which odious cruelty raged. O philosopher, a flatterer, and a time-server! But this man was despised, as his vanity deserved; for he did not gain the popularity which he hoped for, and the glory which he eagerly sought for was changed into censure and blame. 6
Another 7 wrote the same subject with more bitterness, who was then of the number of the judges, and who was especially the adviser of enacting persecution; and not contented with this crime, he also pursued with writings those whom he had persecuted. For he composed two books, not against the Christians, lest he might appear to assail them in a hostile manner but to the Christians, that he might be thought to consult for them with humanity and kindness. And in these writings he endeavoured so to prove the falsehood of sacred Scripture, as though it were altogether contradictory to itself; for he expounded some chapters which seemed to be at variance with themselves, enumerating so many and such secret 8 things, that he sometimes appears to have been one of the same sect. But if this was so, what Demosthenes will be able to defend from the charge of impiety him who became the betrayer of the religion to which he had given his assent, 9 and of the faith the name of which he had assumed, 10 and of the mystery 11 which he had received, unless it happened by chance that the sacred writings fell into his hands? What rashness was it, therefore, to dare to destroy that which no one explained to him! It was well that he either learned nothing or understood nothing. For contradiction is as far removed from the sacred writings as he was removed from faith and truth. He chiefly, however, assailed Paul and Peter, and the other disciples, as disseminators of deceit, whom at the same time he testified to have been unskilled and unlearned. For he says that some of them made gain by the craft of fishermen, as though he took it ill that some Aristophanes or Aristarchus did not devise that subject.
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[Let us call him Barbatus; for one so graphically described by our author deserves a name worthy of his sole claim to be a philosopher.] ↩
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Protegebat. ↩
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It was the custom of the philosophers to wear a beard; to which practise Horace alludes, Serm., ii. 3, "Sapientem pascere barbam," to nourish a philosophic beard. [The readers of this series no longer require this information: but it may be convenient to recur to vol. ii. [^80]note 9, p. 321; also, perhaps, to Clement's terrible defence of beards, Ibid., pp. [^81]276-277.] ↩
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Velamentum. ↩
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Ambitu. The word denotes the unlawful striving for a post. ↩
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[On the reference to these two adversaries, see Lardner, Credib., iii. cap. 65, p. 491; vii. cap. 39, p. 471; also vii. 207.] ↩
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Hierocles is referred to, who was a great persecutor of the Christians in the beginning of the fourth century. He was the chief promoter of the persecution which the Christians suffered under Diocletian. [Wrote a work (Philalethes) to show the contradictions of Scripture. Acts xiii. 10.] ↩
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[Intima, i.e., of an esoteric character, known only to those within the school or sect.] ↩
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Cui fuerat assensus. Other editions read "accensus," i.e., reckoned among. ↩
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Induerat. ↩
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Sacramenti. ↩
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Institutions Divines
II.
Le peu que l'on a trouvé d'hommes capables de réfuter fortement les erreurs dont les peuples étaient prévenus et de défendre solidement notre religion, a donné la hardiesse à quelques-uns d'écrire contre elle. Je ne parlerai point ici de ceux qui l'ont attaquée sans aucun succès dans les premiers temps. Lorsque j'enseignais la rhétorique en Bithynie, et que le temple de Dieu y fut abattu, il se trouva deux hommes qui insultèrent à la vérité persécutée et qui le firent d'une manière où je ne sais s'il y avait plus de cruauté ou plus d'arrogance. L'un des deux faisait profession d'enseigner la philosophie; mais sa vie n'avait rien de conforme à sa doctrine. Il louait la pauvreté et brûlait d'un désir insatiable des richesses. Il faisait des leçons de continence et de tempérance dans son école, et était si fort adonné au luxe qu'il y avait dans ses repas ordinaires une plus grande abondance de mets et une plus grande politesse qu'il n'y en a dans les festins des princes. Sa barbe et son manteau, c'est-à-dire la qualité de philosophe, et ses grands biens, lui servaient comme d'un voile pour couvrir le dérèglement de ses mœurs. La passion qu'il avait de s'enrichir lui faisait, rechercher par de merveilleux artifices l'amitié des juges. Quand il avait acquis dans leur esprit le crédit que mérite la profession dont il était très indigne, il en abusait et pour vendre leurs suffrages à d'autres et pour usurper les terres de ses voisins, sans qu'ils pussent trouver aucun moyen de se garantir de ses violences. Cet homme, dont les mœurs démentaient les sentiments, et dont les sentiments condamnaient les mœurs ; cet homme qui s'accusait plus hautement et qui se condamnait plus rigoureusement que nul autre n'aurait pu le faire, publia trois livres contre la religion chrétienne dans le temps que le peuple fidèle était déchiré par tous les instruments que la fureur des païens avait pu inventer. Il déclare dès le commencement qu'il désire s'acquitter du devoir de sa profession, qui est de retirer les hommes de leur égarement et de les rappeler au bon chemin, c'est-à-dire au culte des dieux qui gouvernent le monde par leur puissance, de peur que ces hommes ne servent de proie à l'artifice et à l'avarice de ceux qui les trompent; qu'il ne pouvait rien entreprendre de si digne d'un philosophe que de présenter la lumière de la sagesse à ceux qui sont dans les ténèbres de l'ignorance, afin non seulement qu'ils obéissent aux édits des princes, mais qu'ils évitent la rigueur dès chrétiens. Il découvre véritablement le motif qui l'a engagé à ce travail par les éloges extraordinaires par lesquels il relève le mérite des empereurs, et par les louanges qu'il leur donne d'avoir rétabli la religion par leurs soins et par leur piété et d'avoir aboli la superstition. Au reste, il a paru tout à fait inepte et ridicule, quand il a voulu combattre notre religion. Ceux d'entre nous à qui la malheureuse condition de ce temps-là ne permettait pas de déclarer le jugement qu'ils portaient de son ouvrage, s'en moquaient au fond de leur cœur, quand ils voyaient la profonde ignorance où il était, et la vanité qu'il avait de promettre d'éclairer les autres, lui qui était dans un déplorable aveuglement; de les conduire, lui qui ne pouvait faire un pas sans tomber ; de les instruire, lui qui n'avait jamais rien appris de solide. Il n'y avait personne qui ne le blâmât d'avoir entrepris cet ouvrage au temps auquel le feu de la persécution était allumé Contre nous, et qui ne dit que c'était un philosophe qui s'accordait au temps et qui flattait les passions injustes des princes. Il fut méprisé comme sa vanité le méritait, et bien loin de se faire aucun mérite de son travail, il n'en rapporta que du blâme.
L'autre traite le même sujet avec beaucoup plus d'aigreur. Il était élevé à la dignité de juge, avait fort contribué à exciter la persécution, et non content d'avoir armé les autres contre nous, il nous combattit par ses écrits. Il composa deux livres, non contre les chrétiens, de peur que l'on ne crût qu'il les déchirait comme des ennemis; mais aux chrétiens, afin que l'on crût qu'il leur donnait de bons avis comme à des amis. Il tâcha de faire voir dans ces deux livres que l'Écriture était toute remplie de faussetés, ce qui fait juger qu'il reconnaissait qu'elle lui était tout à fait contraire. Il en rapporte un si grand nombre de passages et des moins communs, et les examine de telle sorte, que ceux qui ne le connaissent pas, peuvent douter s'il n'avait point fait autrefois profession de notre religion. Que s'il l'avait fait, l'éloquence de Démosthène ne serait pas capable de l'excuser de l'impiété avec laquelle il avait trahi la foi qu'il avait embrassée et les mystères à la participation desquels il avait été admis. Ce n'est peut-être que par hasard que les livres sacrés de l'Écriture sont tombés entre ses mains; car de quelle étrange témérité serait-il coupable s'il eût osé pénétrer la profondeur de cette doctrine que personne ne lui avait expliquée? Nous devons louer Dieu de ce qu'il n'a rien appris par la lecture de ces divins ouvrages, et de ce qu'il n'a rien compris des maximes qu'ils contiennent. Ils sont aussi éloignés de renfermer la moindre contradiction, que cet auteur a été éloigné de suivre la vérité de notre foi. Il a fait de violentes invectives contre Paul, contre Pierre et contre les autres disciples, et les a accusés d'avoir jeté les premiers la semence d'une doctrine remplie de faussetés et de mensonges. Il leur reproche pourtant qu'ils étaient grossiers et ignorants, et que quelques-uns d'entre eux ont vécu de la pêche, comme s'il eût été fâché qu'Aristophane ou Aristarque n'eussent pas été chargés du ministère de la parole divine.