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The Divine Institutes
Chap. XIII.--Why Man is of Two Sexes; What is His First Death, and What the Second and of the Fault and Punishment of Our First Parents.
When, therefore, He had first formed the male after His own likeness, then He also fashioned woman after the image of the man himself, that the two by their union might be able to perpetuate their race, and to fill the whole earth with a multitude. But in the making of man himself He concluded and completed the nature of those two materials which we have spoken of as contrary to each other, fire and water. For having made the body, He breathed into it a soul from the vital source of His own Spirit, which is everlasting, that it might bear the similitude of the world itself, which is composed of opposing elements. For he 1 consists of soul and body, that is, as it were, of heaven and earth: since the soul by which we live, has its origin, as it were, out of heaven from God, the body out of the earth, of the dust of which we have said that it was formed. Empedocles--whom you cannot tell whether to reckon among poets or philosophers, for he wrote in verse respecting the nature of things, as did Lucretius and Varro among the Romans--determined that there were four elements, that is, fire, air, water, and earth; perhaps following Trismegistus, who said that our bodies were composed of these four elements by God, for he said that they contained in themselves something of fire, something of air, something of water, and something of earth, and yet that they were neither fire, nor air, nor water, nor earth. And these things indeed are not false; for the nature of earth is contained in the flesh, that of moisture in the blood, that of air in the breath, that of fire in the vital heat. But neither can the blood be separated from the body, as moisture is from the earth; nor the vital heat from the breath, as fire from the air: so that of all things only two elements are found, the whole nature of which is included in the formation of our body. Man, therefore, was made from different and opposite substances, as the world itself was made from light and darkness, from life and death; and he has admonished us that these two things contend against each other in man: so that if the soul, which has its origin from God, gains the mastery, it is immortal, and lives in perpetual light; if, on the other hand, the body shall overpower the soul, and subject it to its dominion, it is in everlasting darkness and death. 2 And the force of this is not that it altogether annihilates 3 the souls of the unrighteous, but subjects them to everlasting punishment. 4
We term that punishment the second death, which is itself also perpetual, as also is immortality. We thus define the first death: Death is the dissolution of the nature of living beings; or thus: Death is the separation of body and soul. But we thus define the second death: Death is the suffering of eternal pain; or thus: Death is the condemnation of souls for their deserts to eternal punishments. This does not extend to the dumb cattle, whose spirits, not being composed of God, 5 but of the common air, are dissolved by death. Therefore in this union of heaven and earth, the image of which is developed 6 in man, those things which belong to God occupy the higher part, namely the soul, which has dominion over the body; but those which belong to the devil occupy the lower 7 part, manifestly the body: for this, being earthly, ought to be subject to the soul, as the earth is to heaven. For it is, as it were, a vessel which this heavenly spirit may employ as a temporary dwelling. The duties of both are--for the latter, which is from heaven and from God, to command; but for the former, which is from the earth and the devil, to obey. And this, indeed, did not escape the notice of a dissolute man, Sallust, 8 who says: "But all our power consists in the soul and body; we use the soul to command, the body rather to obey." It had been well if he had lived in accordance with his words; for he was a slave to the most degrading pleasures, and he destroyed the efficacy of his sentiment by the depravity of his life. But if the soul is fire, as we have shown, it ought to mount up to heaven as fire, that it may not be extinguished; that is, it ought to rise to the immortality which is in heaven. And as fire cannot burn and be kept alive unless it be nourished 9 by some rich fuel 10 in which it may have sustenance, so the fuel and food of the soul is righteousness alone, by which it is nourished unto life. After these things, God, having made man in the manner in which I have pointed out, placed him in paradise, 11 that is, in a most fruitful and pleasant garden, which He planted in the regions of the East with every kind of wood and tree, that he might be nourished by their various fruits; and being free from all labours, 12 might devote himself entirely to the service of God his Father.
Then He gave to him fixed commands, by the observance of which he might continue immortal; or if he transgressed them, be punished with death. It was enjoined that he should not taste of one tree only which was in the midst of the garden, 13 in which He had placed the knowledge of good and evil. Then the accuser, envying the works of God, applied all his deceits and artifices to beguile 14 the man, that he might deprive him of immortality. And first he enticed the woman by fraud to take the forbidden fruit, and through her instrumentality he also persuaded the man himself to transgress the law of God. Therefore, having obtained the knowledge of good and evil, he began to be ashamed of his nakedness, and hid himself from the face of God, which he was not before accustomed to do. Then God drove out the man from the garden, having passed sentence upon the sinner, that he might seek support for himself by labour. And He surrounded 15 the garden itself with fire, to prevent the approach of the man until He execute the last judgment on earth; and having removed death, recall righteous men, His worshippers, to the same place; as the sacred writers teach, and the Erythraean Sibyl, when she says: "But they who honour the true God inherit everlasting life, themselves inhabiting together paradise, the beautiful garden, for ever." But since these are the last things, 16 we will treat of them in the last part of this work. Now let us explain those which are first. Death therefore followed man, according to the sentence of God, which even the Sibyl teaches in her verse, saying: "Man made by the very hands of God, whom the serpent treacherously beguiled that he might come to the fate of death, and receive the knowledge of good and evil." Thus the life of man became limited in duration; 17 but still, however, long, inasmuch as it was extended to a thousand 18 years. And when Varro was not ignorant of this, handed down as it is in the sacred writings, and spread abroad by the knowledge of all, he endeavoured to give reasons why the ancients were supposed to have lived a thousand years. For he says that among the Egyptians months are accounted 19 as years: so that the circuit of the sun through the twelve signs of the zodiac does not make a year, but the moon, which traverses that sign-bearing circle in the space of thirty days; which argument is manifestly false. For no one then exceeded the thousandth year. But now they who attain to the hundredth year, which frequently happens, undoubtedly live a thousand and two hundred months. And competent 20 authorities report that men are accustomed to reach one hundred and twenty years. 21 But because Varro did not know why or when the life of man was shortened, he himself shortened it, since he knew that it was possible for man to live a thousand and four hundred months.
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i.e., man. ↩
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It was necessary to remove ambiguity from the heathen, to whom the word death conveys no such meaning. In the sacred writings the departure of the soul from the body is often spoken of as sleep, or rest. Thus Lazarus is said to sleep. 1 Thess. iv. 14, "Them that sleep in Jesus will God bring with Him,"--an expression of great beauty and propriety as applied to Christians. On the other hand, the prophets speak of "the shadow of death." ↩
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Extinguishes. Compare the words of Christ Himself, John v. 29; Acts xxiv. 15. ↩
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[Must not be overlooked. See vol. iv. p. [^33]495, and elucidation (after book. iv.) on p. [^34]542.] ↩
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[Eccles. iii. 18-21. Answered, Eccles. xii. 7.] ↩
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Portrayed or expressed. ↩
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It is not to be supposed that Lactantius, following the error of Marcion, believed that the body of man had been formed by the devil, for he has already described its creation by God. He rather speaks of the devil as exercising a power permitted to him over the earth and the bodies of men. Compare 2 Cor. iv. 4. ↩
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Preface to Catiline ↩
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The word teneo is used in this sense by Cicero (De Nat. Deor., 11. 54): "Tribus rebus animantium vita tenetur, cibo, potione, spiritu." ↩
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Material. ↩
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Gen. ii. ↩
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We are not to understand this as asserting that the man lived in idleness, and without any employment in paradise; for this would be inconsistent with the Scripture narrative, which tells us that Adam was placed there to keep the garden and dress it. It is intended to exclude painful and anxious labour, which is the punishment of sin. See Gen. iii. 17. ↩
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Paradise. ↩
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Another reading is, ad dejiciendum hominem, "to overthrow the man." ↩
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Circumvallavit, "placed a barrier round." See Gen. iii. 24: "He placed at the east of the garden of Eden cherubims, and a flaming sword, which turned every way to keep the way of the tree of life." ↩
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[Not novissima, but extrema here. He refers to book vii. cap. 11, etc.] ↩
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Temporary. The word is opposed to everlasting. ↩
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No one actually lived a thousand years. They who approached nearest to it were Methuselah, who lived 969 years, Jared 962, and Noah 950. ↩
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It appears that the practise of the Egyptians varied as to the computation of the year. ↩
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Philo and Josephus. ↩
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["Old Parr," born in Shropshire, a.d. 1483, died in 1635: i.e., born before the discovery of America, he lived to the beginning of Hampden's career in England.] ↩
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Institutions Divines
XIII.
Dieu ayant fait l'homme à son image fit ensuite la femme à l'image de l'homme, afin qu'ils pussent mettre des enfants au monde et avoir une postérité qui se multipliât de telle sorte qu'elle remplît toute la terre. Pour faire l'homme, il se servit du feu et de l'eau, de ces deux matières que nous avons dit être si contraires. Dès que le corps fut achevé, il l'anima par le souffle de son esprit et par la communication de sa vie éternelle. Ainsi l'homme est un petit monde formé par le mélange d'aliments contraires et composé d'âme et de corps, dont l'une ressemble au ciel et l'autre à la terre. L'âme qui nous fait vivre est descendue du ciel et nous est communiquée par l’effusion de l'esprit de Dieu, et le corps a été tiré de la terre et formé de limon. Empédocle, que l'on ne sait en quel rang on doit mettre, ou en celui des poètes, ou en celui des philosophes, parce qu'il a écrit sur les choses naturelles en vers grecs, comme Varron et Lucrèce en ont écrit en vers latins, a admis quatre éléments, savoir : le feu, l'air, l'eau et la terre ; en quoi il a suivi Trismégiste qui avait dit avant lui que nos corps ne sont ni feu, ni air, ni terre, ni eau, mais un composé de toutes ces choses. Ce qui certainement est très vrai ; car la chair a quelque chose de la terre, le sang a quelque chose de l'eau, les esprits ont quelque chose de l'air, et la chaleur a quelque chose du feu. Le sang ne saurait pourtant être tout à fait séparé de notre corps comme l'eau peut l'être de la terre, ni la chaleur ne saurait être séparé des esprits vitaux comme le feu peut l'être de l'air. Ainsi il ne se trouve proprement que deux éléments qui aient contribué à la formation de nos corps. L'homme est donc composé aussi bien que le monde de contraires, de la lumière et des ténèbres, de la vie et de la mort. Dieu a voulu qu'il y eût entre ces contraires un combat perpétuel dans l'homme, afin que si l'âme qui est descendue du ciel remporte la victoire, elle soit immortelle et demeure toujours dans la région de la lumière, et que si au contraire elle est vaincue, elle demeure dans les ténèbres et dans la mort. L'effet de cette mort n'est pas de détruire l'essence de l'âme et de la réduire au néant ; ce n'est que de la châtier d'un châtiment qui n'aura point de fin. Nous appelons ce châtiment la seconde mort, qui est d'une éternelle durée aussi bien que l'âme. On définit la première mort de cette manière : la mort est la destruction de la nature des animaux, ou bien la mort est la séparation du corps et de l'âme. Voici comment on définit la seconde : la mort est la souffrance d'une douleur éternelle, ou bien la mort est la condamnation de l'âme à un supplice éternel et égal à ses crimes. Les bêtes ne sont pas sujettes à la seconde mort, parce que leurs âmes n'ont point été créées de Dieu, mais formées d'air et qu'elles finissent avec leurs corps. L'âme qui vient de Dieu et qui doit commander au corps tient la première place dans l'homme, qui est une image et un abrégé du monde ; et le corps qui vient du démon tient la dernière place, et parce qu'il est terrestre il doit être soumis à l'âme, comme la terre l'est au ciel : c'est en quelque sorte un vase où l'âme est renfermée comme une essence fort précieuse. Le devoir réciproque de ces deux parties, est que celle qui vient de Dieu et du ciel commande, et que celle qui vient du démon et de la terre obéisse. Cette vérité a été reconnue par Salluste lui-même, tout vicieux qu'il était. Voici ce qu'il en dit : « Toute notre force consiste dans l'esprit et dans le corps, l'esprit doit commander et le corps obéir. » Cela est fort bien dit, mais il devait vivre comme il a parlé. Cependant il s'est rendu l'esclave des plus sales voluptés et a démenti ses sentiments par le dérèglement de sa vie. Que si l'âme est un feu comme nous l'avons dit, elle doit tendre comme le feu vers le ciel et s'élever à l'immortalité. Mais comme le feu a besoin pour brûler et pour vivre d'une matière épaisse qui l'entretienne, ainsi l'âme pour vivre a besoin d'une nourriture qui est la justice. Quand Dieu eut fait l'homme de la manière que je l'ai décrit, il le plaça dans le paradis, c'est-à-dire dans un jardin très agréable et très fertile, assis en Orient et planté de toute espèce d'arbres dont les fruits devaient le nourrir et lui fournir une vie facile et sans autre soin que de servir Dieu. Dieu lui fit certains commandements, à condition que s'il les gardait il obtiendrait l'immortalité, et que s'il les violait il deviendrait sujet à la mort. Le principal commandement qu'il lui fit, fut de ne point manger du fruit d'un arbre qu'il avait planté au milieu du paradis, et auquel il avait attaché la connaissance du bien et du mal. Alors le calomniateur, animé par la jalousie qui lui donnait l'excellence de l'ouvrage de Dieu, employa tout ce qu'il avait de ruses et d'artifices pour tromper l'homme, et pour le priver de l'immortalité. Il persuada premièrement à la femme de goûter du fruit défendu, et se servit ensuite de la femme pour porter l'homme à violer le commandement. Dès que l'homme sut le bien et le mal, il eut honte de sa nudité, et tâcha de se cacher et de se dérober à la vue de Dieu, ce qu'il n'avait jamais fait jusque alors. Dieu le condamna à vivre de son travail, le chassa du paradis, entoura le paradis de feu de peur qu'il n'en approchât jusqu'à ce que Dieu juge la terre et jusqu'à ce qu'après avoir détruit la mort il rétablisse ses serviteurs dans ce lieu des saintes délices, comme l'Ecriture et la sibylle même le témoigne quand elle assure que ceux qui auront rendu à Dieu les honneurs et le culte qui lut sont dus, jouiront en récompense d'une vie éternelle dans un lieu délicieux. Mais comme cela n'arrivera qu'à la fin du monde, je n'en dois parler aussi qu'à la fin de mon ouvrage. Parlons maintenant de ce qui a précédé. L'homme est mort comme Dieu l'avait ordonné, et comme la sibylle le déclare quand elle rapporte la manière dont, après que l'homme eut été formé des mains de Dieu, il fut trompé par les ruses du serpent, et tomba dans la mort, au lieu d'arriver à la connaissance du bien et du mal. Ainsi la vie de l'homme devint limitée par le temps, quoique ce temps fût d'assez longue durée, et qu'il s'étendit jusqu'à mille ans. Ce fait dont l'Écriture fait mention est devenu si public que Varron, en ayant entendu parler, voulut rechercher la raison pour laquelle on a étendu jusqu'à mille ans la vie des premiers hommes, et dit que parmi les Égyptiens les mois tiennent lieu d'années. Mais son argument est évidemment faux ; car jamais personne n'a vécu plus de mille ans. Or ceux qui en vivent seulement cent, ce qui n'est pas rare, vivent douze cents mois. Mais parce que Varron ne savait ni le sujet pour lequel la vie des hommes fut accourcie, ni le temps auquel cela arriva, il l'a accourcie lui-même de la manière qui lui a paru la plus probable, sur ce qu'il savait que l'on peut vivre jusqu'à cent vingt ans qui valent quatorze cents mois.