Traduction
Masquer
The Divine Institutes
Chap. VIII.--Of the Birth of Jesus in the Spirit and in the Flesh: of Spirits and the Testimonies of Prophets.
For we especially testify that He was twice born, first in the spirit, and afterwards in the flesh. Whence it is thus spoken by Jeremiah: 1 "Before I formed Thee in the womb I knew Thee." And likewise by the same: "Who was blessed before He was born;" 2 which was the case with no one else but Christ. For though He was the Son of God from the beginning, 3 He was born again 4 a second time 5 according to the flesh: and this twofold birth of His has introduced great terror into the minds of men, and overspread with darkness even those who retained the mysteries of true religion. But we will show this plainly and clearly, that they who love wisdom may be more easily and diligently instructed. He who hears the Son of God mentioned ought not to conceive in his mind so great impiety as to think that God begat Him by marriage and union with a woman, which none does but an animal possessed of a body, and subject to death. But with whom could God unite Himself, since He is alone? or since His power was so great, that He accomplished whatever He wished, assuredly He did not require the co-operation 6 of another for procreation. Unless by chance we shall [profanely] imagine, as Orpheus supposed, that God is both male and female, because otherwise He would have been unable to beget, unless He had the power of each sex, as though He could have intercourse with Himself, or without such intercourse be unable to produce.
But Hermes also was of the same opinion, when he says that He was "His own father," and "His own mother." 7 But if this were so, as He is called by the prophets father, so also He would be called mother. In what manner, then, did He beget Him? First of all, divine operations cannot be known or declared 8 by any one; but nevertheless the sacred writings teach us, in which it is laid down 9 that this Son of God is the speech, or even the reason 10 of God, and also that the other angels are spirits 11 of God. For speech is breath sent forth with a voice signifying something. But, however, since breath and speech are sent forth from different parts, inasmuch as breath proceeds from the nostrils, speech from the mouth, the difference between the Son of God and the other angels is great. For they proceeded from God as silent spirits, because they were not created to teach 12 the knowledge of God, but for His service. But though He is Himself also a spirit, yet He proceeded from the mouth of God with voice and sound, as the Word, on this account indeed, because He was about to make use of His voice to the people; that is, because He was about to be a teacher of the knowledge of God, and of the heavenly mystery 13 to be revealed to man: which word also God Himself first spoke, that through Him He might speak to us, and that He might reveal to us the voice and will of God.
With good reason, therefore, is He called the Speech and the Word of God, because God, by a certain incomprehensible energy and power of His majesty, enclosed the vocal spirit proceeding from His mouth, which he had not conceived in the womb, but in His mind, within a form which has life through its own perception and wisdom, and He also fashioned other spirits of His into angels. Our spirits 14 are liable to dissolution, because we are mortal: but the spirits of God both live, and are lasting, and have perception; because He Himself is immortal, and the Giver both of perception 15 and life. Our expressions, although they are mingled with the air, and fade away, yet generally remain comprised in letters; how much more must we believe that the voice of God both remains for ever, and is accompanied with perception and power, which it has derived from God the Father, as a stream from its fountain! But if any one wonders that God could be produced from God by a putting forth of the voice and breath, if he is acquainted with the sacred utterances of the prophets he will cease to wonder. That Solomon and his father David were most powerful kings, and also prophets, may perhaps be known even to those who have not applied themselves to the sacred writings; the one of whom, who reigned subsequently to the other, preceded the destruction of the city of Troy by one hundred and forty years. His father, the writer of sacred hymns, thus speaks in the thirty-second Psalm: 16 "By the word of God were the heavens made firm; and all their power 17 by the breath of His mouth." And also again in the forty-fourth Psalm: 18 "My heart hath given utterance to a good word; I speak of my doings towards the king;" testifying, in truth, that the works of God are known to no other than to the Son alone, who is the Word of God, and who must reign for ever. Solomon also shows that it is the Word of God, and no other, 19 by whose hands these works of the world were made. "I," He says, "came forth out of the mouth of the Most High before all creatures: I caused the light that faileth not to arise in the heavens, and covered the whole earth with a cloud. I have dwelt in the height, and my throne is in the pillar of the cloud." 20 John also thus taught: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him, and without Him was not anything made." 21
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Jer. i. 5. It can only be in a secondary sense that this prophecy refers to Christ; in its primary sense it refers to the prophet himself, as the context plainly shows. ↩
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This passage is not found in Jeremiah, or in the Bible. ↩
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[See vol. iii. [^49]p. 612.] ↩
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Regeneratus est. ↩
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Denuo, i.e., de nova, "afresh." ↩
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Societate alterius. [Profanely arguing to God from man. Humanity has a procreant power of a lower sort; but the ideal is divine, and needs no process like that of man's nature.] ↩
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au'topa'tora kai` auetome'tora. ↩
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Thus Isa. liii. 8: "Who shall declare His generation?" ↩
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Cautum est. ↩
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Thus lo'gos includes the two senses of word and reason. ↩
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There is great difficulty in translating this passage, on account of the double sense of spiritus (as in Greek, pneuma), including "spirit" and "breath." It is impossible to express the sense of the whole passage by either word singly. There is the same difficulty with regard to pneuma, as in Heb. i. 7: "He maketh His angels spirits," more correctly "winds." See Delitzsch on Hebrews, and comp. Ps. civ. 4. ↩
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Ad tradendam. ↩
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Coelestis arcani. See Rom. xvi. 25. ↩
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Lactantius is speaking of the breath: he cannot refer to the soul, which he everywhere speaks of as immortal. ↩
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Sensus. ↩
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In our version, Ps. xxxiii. 6. ↩
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Quoted from the Septuagint version. ↩
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Ps. xlv. 1. [See vol. i. [^50]p. 213.] ↩
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Ipsum. ↩
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Ecclus. xxiv. 5-7. This book is attributed to Solomon by many of the Fathers, though it bears the title of the Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach. ↩
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John i. 1-3. ↩
Traduction
Masquer
Institutions Divines
VIII.
Nous déclarons d'abord qu'il a deux naissances, l'une spirituelle et l'autre corporelle. C'est pour cela que le prophète Jérémie a dit ces paroles : « Je vous connaissais avant que de vous avoir formé dans mon sein; » et ces autres: « Il était heureux avant que d'être né. » Il est certain que ni les unes ni les autres ne peuvent convenir à d'autre qu'à Jésus-Christ qui, étant Fils de Dieu dès le commencement, a reçu dans le temps une seconde naissance selon la chair. La confusion que plusieurs ont faite de ces deux naissances les a extrêmement embarrassés, bien qu'ils eussent été instruits de nos mystères. Je les distinguerai si clairement que personne ne pourra plus s'y tromper. Quiconque entend nommer le Fils de Dieu, ne doit pas s'imaginer qu'il l'ait engendré avec une femme à la manière des animaux. Dieu étant seul ne pouvait se joindre à personne, et étant tout-puissant il n'avait besoin ni de compagnie ni de secours pour produire un fils. Croirons-nous avec Orphée qu'il était tout ensemble et mâle et femelle, et que s'il n'avait eu les deux sexes il n'aurait pu engendrer son semblable? Trismégiste semble avoir été dans ce même sentiment, quand il a appelé Dieu père et mère de soi-même. Si cela était véritable, les prophètes n'auraient pas manqué de l'appeler mère, comme ils n'ont pas manqué de l'appeler père. Comment est-ce donc qu'il a engendré son fils. Il faut avouer d'abord que les œuvres de Dieu ne peuvent être ni comprises ni expliquées. L'Écriture nous enseigne pourtant que le Fils de Dieu est son verbe, et que les anges sont son esprit et son souffle. Le Verbe est un souffle mêlé avec des paroles qui signifient quelque chose. Mais parce que le souffle sort du nez, et que la parole sort de la bouche, il y a grande différence entre le Fils de Dieu et les anges. Les anges sont sortis de Dieu comme un souffle sans qu'il ait prononcé aucune parole, parce qu'ils n'étaient destinés qu'à l'exécution de ses ordres, et non à la publication de sa doctrine. Mais le fils est sorti de la bouche de son père, et comme un souffle, parce qu'il est pur esprit, et comme une parole, parce qu'il devait faire entendre aux hommes les volontés de Dieu, et leur révéler les mystères. C'est pour cela qu'on l'appelle et parole et verbe; c'est un souffle mêlé de voix que Dieu a conçu non dans son sein, mais dans son esprit, et qu'il a poussé de sa bouche tout rempli et tout animé de la grandeur et de la majesté de sa sagesse et de sa puissance. Il a aussi fait, comme je l'ai dit, les anges de son souffle. Le souffle des hommes se dissipe en un moment, parce que les hommes sont sujets à la mort ; mais le souffle de Dieu subsiste et conserve la vie et le sentiment, parce que Dieu est immortel et qu'il donne le sentiment et la vie. Bien que nos paroles se dissipent et se perdent en l'air lorsque nous les prononçons, elles se conservent néanmoins par l'écriture quand nous les attachons à des caractères sensibles. Il y a beaucoup plus de sujet de croire que la parole de Dieu demeure éternellement, et qu'elle conserve toujours le sentiment et la force qu'elle a reçue de lui, comme un ruisseau reçoit son eau de sa source. Que si quelqu'un s'étonne qu'un Dieu ait engendré un Dieu, en poussant son souffle et en prononçant sa parole, il cessera de s'étonner quand il aura lu les livres des prophètes. Peut-être que plusieurs personnes qui n'ont jamais rien lu de l'Écriture ne laissent pas de savoir que David et Salin non son fils ont été deux puissants rois, qui ont joint à la souveraine puissance le don de la prophétie. Le dernier a vécu cent quarante ans avant la ruine de la ville de Troie. David son père dit dans le psaume trente-deuxième ce qui suit : « Les cieux ont été formés par sa parole, et toute leur beauté par le souffle de sa bouche. » Et dans le psaume quarante-quatrième, il dit : « Mon cœur, dans l'ardeur qu'il ressent, prononce une bonne parole; et c'est pour la gloire du Roi que je compose ce cantique, n Il témoigne par ces paroles que les œuvres de Dieu ne sont connues à nul autre qu'a son fils, qui est son verbe et qui régnera éternellement. Salomon déclare que le verbe a travaillé i la création du monde quand il dit : « Je suis sorti avant toute créature de la bouche du très Haut. J'ai fait lever dans le ciel une lumière qui luit toujours. J'ai enveloppé la terre d'un nuage. J'ai habité dans les lieux hauts, et j'ai mis mon trône sur une colonne de nuée. » Saint Jean l'évangéliste en parle aussi en ces termes; « Au commencement était le Verbe, et le Verbe était en Dieu. Il était au commencement en Dieu. Toutes choses ont été faites par lui, et rien de ce qui a été fait n'a été fait sans lui. »