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Gegen die Heiden (BKV)
Nr. 3
Verhält sich dieß also, so forschen wir vorerst dieß von euch zu vernehmen: was Ursache, was Grund sey, daß ihr diese Opfer darbringt; welcher Nutzen dann hierdurch den Göttern selbst zukomme und ihnen zur Annehmlichkeit gereiche? denn was immer man unternimmt, muß seine Ursache haben, und darf nicht der Art von einem Grund getrennt seyn, daß es in leeren Werken vollbracht wird und mit nichtigem Irrthum der Unwahrheit sein Spiel treibt. Nähren sich nun wohl die himmlischen Götter von diesen Opfern und ist etwa zur Erhaltung ihres Bestandes die Hinzufügung einiger Materie nöthig? Und welcher Mensch ist, wer Gott überhaupt sey, so unwissend, daß er meinen solle, sie erhielten sich durch irgend eine Art von Nahrung, und es sey der Speise Werk daß sie leben und in unendlicher Fortdauer beharren? Was immer aber durch äußere Ursachen und Dinge erhalten wird, das ist nothwendig sterblicher Natur, und läuft ohne Schwierigkeit Gefahr zu Grunde zu gehen, sobald irgend Etwas, wodurch es besteht, zu mangeln beginnt. Ferner sehen wir Nichts dessen, was man den Altären zubringt, zu dem Wesen der Gottheiten hinkommen und es erreichen: denn entweder wird Weihrauch dargebracht und diesen verzehren die Kohlen; oder ein Opferthier und das Blut lecken die Hunde auf; oder irgend ein Eingeweide und es verbrennt auf gleiche Weise und verfällt in Asche. Außer der Gott verschlingt etwa der Opferthiere Seelen, oder geht dem Brodem der brennenden Altäre nach und nährt sich vom Opferdampf, welchen die annoch vom Blut triefenden und von dem frühern Saft feuchten Eingeweide schmorend von sich geben. Hat aber Gott, wie man sagt, keinen Körper und ist Er durchaus unbetastbar, wie mag es geschehen, daß das Unkörperliche sich von körperlichen Dingen ernähre; daß das Sterbliche das Unsterbliche erhalte und der Sache Bestand verleihe, welche es nicht zu erfassen und der es keine Lebenskraft darzureichen vermag? Also beruht, wie einleuchtet, dieser Grund der heiligen Opferdienste, und Niemand kann behaupten, um der Ursache willen, daß mittelst derselben die Gottheiten sich ernähren und durch diese Nahrung sich erhalten, begehe man sie.
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The Seven Books of Arnobius Against the Heathen
3.
So, then, if these things are so, we desire to learn this, first, from you--what is the cause, what the reason, that you offer them sacrifices; and then, what gain comes to the gods themselves from this, and remains to their advantage. For whatever is done should have a cause, and should not be disjoined from reason, so as to be lost 1 among useless works, and tossed about among vain and idle uncertainties. 2 Do the gods of heaven 3 live on these sacrifices, and must materials be supplied to maintain the union of their parts? And what man is there so ignorant of what a god is, certainly, as to think that they are maintained by any kind of nourishment, and that it is the food given to them 4 which causes them to live and endure throughout their endless immortality? For whatever is upheld by causes and things external to itself, must be mortal and on the way to destruction, when anything on which it lives begins to be wanting. Again, it is impossible to suppose that any one believes this, because we see that of these things which are brought to their altars, nothing is added to and reaches the substance of the deities; for either incense is given, and is lost melting on the coals, 5 or the life only of the victim is offered to the gods, 6 and its blood is licked up by dogs; or if any flesh is placed upon the altars, it is set on fire in like manner, and is destroyed, and falls into ashes,--unless perchance the god seizes upon the souls of the victims, or snuffs up eagerly the fumes and smoke which rise from the blazing altars, and feeds upon the odours which the burning flesh gives forth, still wet with blood, and damp with its former juices. 7 But if a god, as is said, has no body, and cannot be touched at all, how is it possible that that which has no body should be nourished by things pertaining to the body,--that what is mortal should support what is immortal, and assist and give vitality to that which it cannot touch? This reason for sacrifices is not valid, therefore, as it seems; nor can it be said by any one that sacrifices are kept up for this reason, that the deities are nourished by them, and supported by feeding on them.
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The ms. and edd. read ut in operibus feratur cassis--"so as to be borne among," emended by Hild. and Oehler teratur--"worn away among." ↩
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Lit., "in vain errors of inanity." ↩
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The ms. and edd. have here forte--"perchance.'" ↩
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Lit., "gift of food." ↩
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[It must have taken much time to overcome this distaste for the use of incense in Christian minds. Let us wait for the testimony of Lactantius.] ↩
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Or perhaps, simply, "the sacrifice is a living one," animalis est hostia. Macrobius, however (Sat., iii. 5), quotes Trebatius as saying that there were two kinds of sacrifices, in one of which the entrails were examined that they might disclose the divine will, while in the other the life only was consecrated to the deity. This is more precisely stated by Servius (AEn., iii. 231), who says that the hostia animalis was only slain, that in other cases the blood was poured on the altars, that in others part of the victim, and in others the whole animal, was burned. It is probable, therefore that Arnobius uses the words here in their technical meaning, as the next clause shows that none of the flesh was offered, while the blood was allowed to fall to the ground. [I am convinced that classical antiquities must be more largely studied in the Fathers of the first five centuries.] ↩
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i.e., the juices which formerly flowed through the living body. ↩