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The Refutation of All Heresies
Chapter XXIX.--The Doctrine of the Truth Continued.
Therefore this solitary and supreme Deity, by an exercise of reflection, brought forth the Logos first; not the word in the sense of being articulated by voice, but as a ratiocination of the universe, conceived and residing in the divine mind. Him alone He produced from existing things; for the Father Himself constituted existence, and the being born from Him was the cause of all things that are produced. 1 The Logos was in the Father Himself, bearing the will of His progenitor, and not being unacquainted with the mind of the Father. For simultaneously 2 with His procession from His Progenitor, inasmuch as He is this Progenitor's first-born, He has, as a voice in Himself, the ideas conceived in the Father. And so it was, that when the Father ordered the world to come into existence, the Logos one by one completed each object of creation, thus pleasing God. And some things which multiply by generation 3 He formed male and female; but whatsoever beings were designed for service and ministration He made either male, or not requiring females, or neither male nor female. For even the primary substances of these, which were formed out of nonentities, viz., fire and spirit, water and earth, are neither male nor female; nor could male or female proceed from any one of these, were it not that God, who is the source of all authority, wished that the Logos might render assistance 4 in accomplishing a production of this kind. I confess that angels are of fire, and I maintain that female spirits are not present with them. And I am of opinion that sun and moon and stars, in like manner, are produced from fire and spirit, and are neither male nor female. And the will of the Creator is, that swimming and winged animals are from water, male and female. For so God, whose will it was, ordered that there should exist a moist substance, endued with productive power. And in like manner God commanded, that from earth should arise reptiles and beasts, as well males and females of all sorts of animals; for so the nature of the things produced admitted. For as many things as He willed, God made from time to time. These things He created through the Logos, it not being possible for things to be generated otherwise than as they were produced. But when, according as He willed, He also formed (objects), He called them by names, and thus notified His creative effort. 5 And making these, He formed the ruler of all, and fashioned him out of all composite substances. 6 The Creator did not wish to make him a god, and failed in His aim; nor an angel,--be not deceived,--but a man. For if He had willed to make thee a god, He could have done so. Thou hast the example of the Logos. His will, however, was, that you should be a man, and He has made thee a man. But if thou art desirous of also becoming a god, obey Him that has created thee, and resist not now, in order that, being found faithful in that which is small, you may be enabled to have entrusted to you also that which is great. 7
The Logos alone of this God is from God himself; wherefore also the Logos is God, being the substance of God. 8 Now the world was made from nothing; wherefore it is not God; as also because this world admits of dissolution whenever the Creator so wishes it. But God, who created it, did not, nor does not, make evil. He makes what is glorious and excellent; for He who makes it is good. Now man, that was brought into existence, was a creature endued with a capacity of self-determination, 9 yet not possessing a sovereign intellect, 10 nor holding sway over all things by reflection, and authority, and power, but a slave to his passions, and comprising all sorts of contrarieties in himself. But man, from the fact of his possessing a capacity of self-determination, brings forth what is evil, 11 that is, accidentally; which evil is not consummated except you actually commit some piece of wickedness. For it is in regard of our desiring anything that is wicked, or our meditating upon it, that what is evil is so denominated. Evil had no existence from the beginning, but came into being subsequently. 12 Since man has free will, a law has been defined for his guidance by the Deity, not without answering a good purpose. For if man did not possess the power to will and not to will, why should a law be established? For a law will not be laid down for an animal devoid of reason, but a bridle and a whip; 13 whereas to man has been given a precept and penalty to perform, or for not carrying into execution what has been enjoined. For man thus constituted has a law been enacted by just men in primitive ages. Nearer our own day was there established a law, full of gravity and justice, by Moses, to whom allusion has been already made, a devout man, and one beloved of God.
Now the Logos of God controls all these; the first begotten Child of the Father, the voice of the Dawn antecedent to the Morning Star. 14 Afterwards just men were born, friends of God; and these have been styled prophets, 15 on account of their foreshowing future events. And the word of prophecy 16 was committed unto them, not for one age only; but also the utterances of events predicted throughout all generations, were vouchsafed in perfect clearness. And this, too, not at the time merely when seers furnished a reply to those present; 17 but also events that would happen throughout all ages, have been manifested beforehand; because, in speaking of incidents gone by, the prophets brought them back to the recollection of humanity; whereas, in showing forth present occurrences, they endeavoured to persuade men not to be remiss; while, by foretelling future events, they have rendered each one of us terrified on beholding events that had been predicted long before, and on expecting likewise those events predicted as still future. Such is our faith, O all ye men,--ours, I say, who are not persuaded by empty expressions, nor caught away by sudden impulses of the heart, nor beguiled by the plausibility of eloquent discourses, yet who do not refuse to obey words that have been uttered by divine power. And these injunctions has God given to the Word. But the Word, by declaring them, promulgated the divine commandments, thereby turning man from disobedience, not bringing him into servitude by force of necessity, but summoning him to liberty through a choice involving spontaneity.
This Logos the Father in the latter days sent forth, no longer to speak by a prophet, and not wishing that the Word, being obscurely proclaimed, should be made the subject of mere conjecture, but that He should be manifested, so that we could see Him with our own eyes. This Logos, I say, the Father sent forth, in order that the world, on beholding Him, might reverence Him who was delivering precepts not by the person of prophets, nor terrifying the soul by an angel, but who was Himself--He that had spoken--corporally present amongst us. This Logos we know to have received a body from a virgin, and to have remodelled the old man 18 by a new creation. And we believe the Logos to have passed through every period in this life, in order that He Himself might serve as a law for every age, 19 and that, by being present (amongst) us, He might exhibit His own manhood as an aim for all men. And that by Himself in person He might prove that God made nothing evil, and that man possesses the capacity of self-determination, inasmuch as he is able to will and not to will, and is endued with power to do both. 20 This Man we know to have been made out of the compound of our humanity. For if He were not of the same nature with ourselves, in vain does He ordain that we should imitate the Teacher. For if that Man happened to be of a different substance from us, why does He lay injunctions similar to those He has received on myself, who am born weak; and how is this the act of one that is good and just? In order, however, that He might not be supposed to be different from us, He even underwent toil, and was willing to endure hunger, and did not refuse to feel thirst, and sunk into the quietude of slumber. He did not protest against His Passion, but became obedient unto death, and manifested His resurrection. Now in all these acts He offered up, as the first-fruits, His own manhood, in order that thou, when thou art in tribulation, mayest not be disheartened, but, confessing thyself to be a man (of like nature with the Redeemer), mayest dwell in expectation of also receiving what the Father has granted unto this Son. 21
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[Elucidation XVI.] ↩
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This passage is differently rendered, according as we read phone with Bunsen, or phonen with Dr. Wordsworth. The latter also alters the reading of the ms. (at the end of the next sentence), apeteleito arekon Theo, into apetelei to areskon, "he carried into effect what was pleasing to the Deity." ↩
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Dr. Wordsworth suggests for genesei, epigenesei, i.e., a continuous series of procreation. ↩
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See Origen, in Joann., tom. ii. sec. 8. ↩
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[Rather, His will.] ↩
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Compare Origen, in Joann., sec. 2, where we have a similar opinion stated. A certain parallel in this and other portions of Hippolytus' concluding remarks, induces the transcriber, no doubt, to write "Origen's opinion" in the margin. ↩
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Matt. xxv. 21, 23; Luke xvi. 10, 11, 12. [Also 2 Pet. i. 4, one of the king-texts of the inspired oracles.] ↩
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[Nicene doctrine, ruling out all conditions of time from the idea of the generation of the Logos.] ↩
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autexousios. Hippolytus here follows his master Irenaeus (Haer., iv. 9), and in doing so enunciates an opinion, and uses an expression adopted universally by patristic writers, up to the period of St. Augustine. This great philosopher and divine, however, shook the entire fabric of existing theology respecting the will, and started difficulties, speculative ones at least, which admit of no solution short of the annihilation of finite thought and volition. See translator's Treatise on Metaphysics, chap. x. [Also compare Irenaeus, vol. i. p. 518, and Clement, vol. ii. pp. 319 passim to 525; also vol. iii. 301, and vol. iv. Tertullian and Origen. See Indexes on Free-will.] ↩
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Dr. Wordsworth translates the passage thus: "Endued with free will, but not dominant; having reason, but not able to govern," etc. ↩
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[One of the most pithy of all statements as to the origin of subjective evil, i.e., evil in humanity.] ↩
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See Origen, in Joann., tom. ii. sec. 7. ↩
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Ps. xxxii. 9. ↩
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Ps. cx. 3; 2 Pet. i. 18, 19. ↩
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In making the Logos a living principle in the prophets, and as speaking through them to the Church of God in all ages, Hippolytus agrees with Origen. This constitutes another reason for the marginal note "Origen's opinion," already mentioned. (See Origen, Peri 'Archon, i. 1.) ↩
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Hippolytus expresses similar opinions respecting the economy of the prophets, in his work, De Antichristo, sec. 2. ↩
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Hippolytus here compares the ancient prophets with the oracles of the Gentiles. The heathen seers did not give forth their vaticinations spontaneously, but furnished responses to those only who made inquiries after them, says Dr. Wordsworth. ↩
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pephurakota. This is the reading adopted by Cruice and Wordsworth. The translator has followed Cruice's rendering, refinxisse, while Dr. Wordsworth construes the word "fashioned." The latter is more literal, as phurao means to knead, though the sense imparted to it by Cruice would seem more coincident with the scriptural account (1 Cor. v. 7; 2 Cor. v. 17; Gal. vi. 15). Bunsen does not alter pephorekota , the reading of the ms., and translates it, "to have put on the old man through a new formation." Sauppe reads pephurekota. See Hippolytus, De Antichristo, sec. 26, in Danielem (p. 205, Mai); and Irenaeus, v. 6. ↩
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[See Irenaeus (a very beautiful passage), vol. i. p. 391.] ↩
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[See vol. iv. pp. 255 and 383.] ↩
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This is the reading adopted by Cruice and Bunsen. Dr. Wordsworth translates the passage thus: "acknowledging thyself a man of like nature with Christ, and thou also waiting for the appearance of what thou gavest Him." The source of consolation to man which Hippolytus, according to Dr. Wordsworth, is here anxious to indicate, is the glorification of human nature in the person of the Lord Jesus Christ. Dr. Wordsworth therefore objects to Bunsen's rendering, as it gives to the passage a meaning different from this. ↩
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Widerlegung aller Häresien (BKV)
33.
Dieser Gott, einzig und über alles, hat den Logos zuerst durch gedankliche Operation gezeugt, nicht einen Logos wie einen Laut, sondern als innerliche Überlegung über das All. Diesen allein hat er aus Seiendem erzeugt; das Seiende nämlich war der Vater selbst, aus dem das Erzeugte (stammt). Der Grund für das, was geschaffen wurde, war der Logos, der in sich selbst den Willen des Erzeugers trug und den Gedanken des Vaters wohl kannte. Im Moment des Hervorgehens aus dem Erzeuger, als ersterzeugter Laut, hat (der Logos) in sich selbst die im Gedanken des Vaters ruhenden Ideen; auf den Befehl des Vaters, daß die Welt entstehen sollte, führt sie der Logos im einzelnen zum Wohlgefallen Gottes aus. Und, was durch Geburt sich vermehrt, machte er zu Männchen und Weibchen; was aber zur Hilfe und zum Dienst bestimmt ist, entweder zu Männchen, die der Weibchen nicht bedürfen, oder zu geschlechtslosen Wesen. Die ersten Substanzen der Dinge, die aus Nichtseiendem entstanden sind, Feuer und S. 287 Pneuma, Wasser und Erde, sind weder männlich noch weiblich, noch können aus einer dieser (Substanzen) Männchen oder Weibchen hervorgehen, es sei denn Gott befehle die Mitwirkung des Logos. Ich bin der Ansicht, daß die Engel aus dem Feuer stammen und daß es bei ihnen keine weiblichen Wesen gibt. Weiter habe ich die Meinung, daß Sonne, Mond und Sterne gleicherweise aus Feuer und Pneuma stammen und weder männlich noch weiblich sind; die schwimmenden und geflügelten Tiere, Männchen und Weibchen, aber stammen aus dem Wasser. So hat es Gott angeordnet1, nach dessen Ratschluß die Substanz des Wassers fruchtbar sein soll. In gleicher Weise stammen die Kriechtiere und die wilden Tiere und alle sonstigen Tierarten, Männchen und Weibchen, aus der Erde; dies lag nämlich in der Natur der geschaffenen Dinge. Was immer er wollte, das hat Gott gemacht. Er machte es durch den Logos, und es konnte nicht anders werden, als es wurde. Nach der Schöpfung gab er den Dingen Namen. Hernach schuf er aus allen Substanzen den Herrn aller Dinge; er wollte nicht einen Gott oder einen Engel schaffen und griff fehl — ich will nicht irre führen —, sondern eben einen Menschen. Wenn er nämlich dich zum Gott machen wollte, konnte er es; du hast das Beispiel vom Logos; da er einen Menschen machen wollte, machte er dich zum Menschen; wenn du aber auch Gott werden willst, so gehorche dem, der dich geschaffen, und widersetze dich ihm hienieden nicht, damit dir, in Kleinem treu erfunden, auch das Große anvertraut werden könne2. Sein Logos allein ist aus ihm selbst; aus diesem Grunde auch Gott, da er Gottes Wesenheit ist; die Welt aber ist aus nichts, deswegen nicht Gott; sie unterliegt auch der Auflösung, wann es der Schöpfer will. Gott hat beim Schaffen das Böse nicht gemacht noch macht er es; das Ehrbare und das Gute macht er, der Schaffende, der selbst gut ist. Der Mensch war ein Wesen mit freier Selbstbestimmung; er hatte nicht einen beherrschenden Verstand und beherrschte nicht alles durch Klugheit, S. 288 Kraft und Macht, sondern er hat einen untergeordneten Verstand und alles gegen sich. Da er aber freie Selbstbestimmung hat, erzeugt er nachderhand das Böse, das eine Zufälligkeit ist, da es ein Nichts ist, wenn es eben nicht vollbracht wird; wenn man nämlich etwas Böses will und meint, so wird dies das Böse genannt, es ist nicht von Anbeginn da, sondern es entsteht nachträglich. Da er freie Selbstbestimmung hat, so ist ihm von Gott mit gutem Grund ein Gesetz gegeben worden; wenn nämlich der Mensch das Wollen und Nichtwollen nicht in seiner Gewalt hätte, wozu wäre ein Gesetz gegeben worden? Das Gesetz wird doch dem unvernünftigen Tiere nicht gegeben, sondern Zaum und Peitsche, dem Menschen aber Gebot und Strafe für die Tat und die Unterlassung. Ihm war das Gesetz vor alters durch gerechte Männer gegeben, näher an unserer Zeit wurde durch Moses, den frommen und gottgeliebten Mann, ein bedeutungsvolles, gerechtes Gesetz gegeben. Das All aber leitet der Logos Gottes, der erstgeborene Sohn des Vaters, die vor dem Morgenstern3 aufleuchtende Stimme. Es sind dann gerechte Männer, Freunde Gottes, aufgestanden; sie sind Propheten genannt worden, weil sie die Zukunft ankündigten. Sie sprachen nicht nur zu einer bestimmten Zeit, sondern durch alle Geschlechter waren ihre Stimmen laut vernehmlich: nicht nur dann, wann sie den Zeitgenossen Aufschluß gaben, sondern für alle Geschlechter kündigten sie die Zukunft an; indem sie das Vergangene berichteten, riefen sie es der Menschheit ins Gedächtnis; indem sie auf die Gegenwart wiesen, arbeiteten sie gegen den Leichtsinn; indem sie die Zukunft vorherverkündigten und jeder einzelne von uns das lang Vorherverkündigte sah, flößten sie uns Furcht ein und wir waren weiter der Zukunft gewärtig. Diesen Glauben haben wir, ihr Menschenkinder alle, wir, die wir nicht leeren Worten glauben noch von plötzlichen Stimmungen des Herzens hingerissen noch von einschmeichelnd schönen Worten berückt werden, sondern die wir auf die mit göttlicher Kraft gesprochenen Worte vertrauen. Dies war Gottes S. 289 Befehl an den Logos. Der Logos hat sich aber in Worten vernehmen lassen, durch die er die Menschen vom Ungehorsam bekehrte, nicht dadurch, daß er sie mit Zwangsgewalt knechtete, sondern dadurch, daß er sie durch freiwilligen Entschluß zur Freiheit berief. Diesen Logos hat späterhin der Vater gesandt; er wollte nicht mehr durch die Propheten reden noch den Angekündigten nur dunkel ahnen lassen; sondern er sollte sichtbarlich erscheinen und reden, auf daß die Welt bei seinem Anblick heilige Scheu ergreife, wenn er nicht mehr durch die Person der Propheten Vorschriften gebe noch der Seele durch einen Engel Furcht einflöße, sondern wenn er, der gesprochen habe, selbst käme.
Wir haben erkannt, daß er aus einer Jungfrau Fleisch angenommen und den alten Menschen in einem neuen Gebilde getragen, daß er im Leben durch jedes Lebensalter gegangen sei, damit er selbst jedem Lebensalter zum Gesetz würde und allen Menschen sich selbst in seiner Menschheit als Ziel vor Augen halte und durch sich selbst beweise, daß Gott nichts Böses geschaffen habe und daß der Mensch mit freier Selbstbestimmung ausgestattet das Wollen und Nichtwollen in seiner Gewalt habe und zu beidem fähig sei; wir wissen, daß dieser Mensch aus demselben Stoffe wie wir entstanden ist. Wenn er nämlich nicht aus demselben geworden wäre, so gäbe er vergeblich das Gesetz, ihn als Lehrer nachzuahmen. Wenn nämlich jener Mensch eben aus einer anderen Substanz wäre, wie kann er mir, dem von Natur Schwachen, Ähnliches befehlen, wie er es getan, und wieso ist er gut und gerecht? Auf daß er aber uns gleich geachtet würde, so hat er Arbeit auf sich genommen, wollte hungern, hat Durst gelitten, hat im Schlafe geruht, sich Leiden nicht widersetzt, hat dem Tod gehorcht, ist sichtbarlich auferstanden, hat seine eigene Menschheit in diesem allen zum Erstlingsopfer gebracht, auf daß du im Leiden nicht den Mut verlierest, sondern dich als Menschen bekennend auch das erwartest, was ihm der Vater gegeben.