Übersetzung ausblenden
The City of God

Chapter 14.--Concerning the Offices of Mercury and Mars.

But they have not found how to refer Mercury and Mars to any parts of the world, and to the works of God which are in the elements; and therefore they have set them at least over human works, making them assistants in speaking and in carrying on wars. Now Mercury, if he has also the power of the speech of the gods, rules also over the king of the gods himself, if Jupiter, as he receives from him the faculty of speech, also speaks according as it is his pleasure to permit him--which surely is absurd; but if it is only the power over human speech which is held to be attributed to him, then we say it is incredible that Jupiter should have condescended to give the pap not only to children, but also to beasts--from which he has been surnamed Ruminus--and yet should have been unwilling that the care of our speech, by which we excel the beasts, should pertain to him. And thus speech itself both belongs to Jupiter, and is Mercury. But if speech itself is said to be Mercury, as those things which are said concerning him by way of interpretation show it to be;--for he is said to have been called Mercury, that is, he who runs between, ¹ because speech runs between men: they say also that the Greeks call him Ermes, because speech, or interpretation, which certainly belongs to speech, is called by them hermeneia: also he is said to preside over payments, because speech passes between sellers and buyers: the wings, too, which he has on his head and on his feet, they say mean that speech passes winged through the air: he is also said to have been called the messenger, ² because by means of speech all our thoughts are expressed; ³ --if, therefore, speech itself is Mercury, then, even by their own confession, he is not a god. But when they make to themselves gods of such as are not even demons, by praying to unclean spirits, they are possessed by such as are not gods, but demons. In like manner, because they have not been able to find for Mars any element or part of the world in which he might perform some works of nature of whatever kind, they have said that he is the god of war, which is a work of men, and that not one which is considered desirable by them. If, therefore, Felicitas should give perpetual peace, Mars would have nothing to do. But if war itself is Mars, as speech is Mercury, I wish it were as true that there were no war to be falsely called a god, as it is true that it is not a god.

Übersetzung ausblenden
La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE XIV.

DES FONCTIONS DE MERCURE ET DE MARS.

Quant à Mercure et à Mars, ne sachant comment les rapporter à aucune partie du monde ni à aucune opération divine sur les éléments, ils se sont contentés de les faire présider à quelques autres actions humaines et de leur donner puissance sur la parole et sur la guerre. Or, si le pouvoir de Mercure s’étend aussi sur la parole des dieux, il s’ensuit que le roi même des dieux lui est soumis, puisque Jupiter ne peut prendre la parole qu’avec le consentement de Mercure, ce qui est absurde. Dira-t-on qu’il n’est maître que du discours des hommes? mais il est incroyable que Jupiter, qui a pu s’abaisser jusqu’à allaiter non-seulement les enfants, mais encore les bêtes, d’où lui est venu le nom de Ruminus, n’ait pas voulu prendre soin de la parole, laquelle élève l’homme au-dessus des bêtes? Donc Mercure n’est autre que Jupiter. Que si l’on veut identifier Mercure avec la parole (comme font ceux qui dérivent Mercure de medius currens¹, parce que la parole court au milieu des hommes; et c’est pourquoi, selon eux, Mercure s’appelle en grec Ermes, parce que la parole ou l’interprétation de la pensée se dit ermeneia² , d’où vient encore que Mercure préside au commerce, où la parole sert de médiatrice entre les vendeurs et les acheteurs; et si ce dieu a des ailes à la tête et aux pieds, c’est que la parole est un son qui s’envole; et enfin le nom de messager qu’on lui donne vient de ce que la parole est la messagère de nos pensées), tout cela posé, que s’ensuit-il, sinon que Mercure, n’étant autre que le langage, n’est pas vraiment un dieu? Et voilà comment il arrive que les païens, en se faisant des dieux qui ne sont pas même des démons, et en adressant leurs supplications à des esprits immondes, sont sous l’empire, non des dieux, mais des démons. Même conclusion pour ce qui regarde Mars : dans l’impossibilité de lui assigner aucun élément, aucune partie du monde où il pût contribuer à quelque action de la nature, ils en ont fait le dieu de la guerre, laquelle est le triste ouvrage des hommes. D’où il résulte que si la déesse Félicité donnait aux hommes la paix perpétuelle, le dieu Mars n’aurait rien à faire. Veut-on dire que la guerre même fait la réalité de Mars comme la parole fait celle de Mercure? plût au ciel alors que la guerre ne fût pas plus réelle qu’une telle divinité!