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CHAPITRE II.
L’HOMME SEUL, PARMI LES ANIMAUX, DÉCOUVRE LES RAISONS ÉTERNELLES DES CHOSES DANS LE MONDE MATÉRIEL.
- Les animaux peuvent aussi percevoir les objets extérieurs par les sens du corps, les fixer dans leur mémoire, s’en souvenir, y rechercher ce qui leur est avantageux, éviter ce qui leur est nuisible. Mais les remarquer, les confier à la mémoire, non-seulement par un coup d’oeil rapide, mais à dessein; les retenir, en réveiller le souvenir quand ils commencent à tomber dans l’oubli, les imprimer de nouveau par la pensée, affermir par la pensée ce qui est dans la mémoire, comme la pensée elle-même se forme d’après la mémoire; composer des fictions imaginaires, en recueillant et cousant pour ainsi dire des souvenirs pris çà et là; voir comment, dans cet ordre de choses, le vraisemblable se distingue du vrai, non dans l’ordre spirituel, mais même dans le monde matériel : ces opérations et autres de cette espèce, bien que se passant dans les choses sensibles et dans les images que l’âme y a puisées par le sens corporel, ne peuvent cependant exister sans la raison et ne sont point communes aux hommes et aux animaux. Mais il appartient à la raison plus élevée de juger de ces choses matérielles d’après les raisons immatérielles et éternelles raisons qui ne seraient évidemment pas immuables, si elles n’étaient au-dessus de la raison humaine, et d’après lesquelles nous ne pourrions juger des objets matériels si nous ne nous soumettions à elles. Or nous jugeons des choses matérielles d’après la raison des dimensions et des figures, que notre âme sait être permanente et immuable.
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The Fifteen Books of Aurelius Augustinus, Bishop of Hippo, on the Trinity
Chapter 2.--Man Alone of Animate Creatures Perceives the Eternal Reasons of Things Pertaining to the Body.
2. And the beasts, too, are able both to perceive things corporeal from without, through the senses of the body, and to fix them in the memory, and remember them, and in them to seek after things suitable, and shun things inconvenient. But to note these things, and to retain them not only as caught up naturally but also as deliberately committed to memory, and to imprint them again by recollection and conception when now just slipping away into forgetfulness; in order that as conception is formed from that which the memory contains, so also the contents themselves of the memory may be fixed firmly by thought: to combine again imaginary objects of sight, by taking this or that of what the memory remembers, and, as it were, tacking them to one another: to examine after what manner it is that in this kind things like the true are to be distinguished from the true, and this not in things spiritual, but in corporeal things themselves;--these acts, and the like, although performed in reference to things sensible, and those which the mind has deduced through the bodily senses, yet, as they are combined with reason, so are not common to men and beasts. But it is the part of the higher reason to judge of these corporeal things according to incorporeal and eternal reasons; which, unless they were above the human mind, would certainly not be unchangeable; and yet, unless something of our own were subjoined to them, we should not be able to employ them as our measures by which to judge of corporeal things. But we judge of corporeal things from the rule of dimensions and figures, which the mind knows to remain unchangeably. 1
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[The distinction drawn here is between that low form of intelligence which exists in the brute, and that high form characteristic of man. In the Kantian nomenclature, the brute has understanding, but unenlightened by reason; either theoretical or practical. He has intelligence, but not as modified by the forms of space and time and the categories of quantity, quality, relation etc.; and still less as modified and exalted by the ideas of reason--namely, the mathematical ideas, and the moral ideas of God, freedom, and immortality. The animal has no rational intelligence. He has mere understanding without reason.--W.G.T.S.] ↩