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Oratio ad Graecos

15

Καὶ χρὴ λοιπὸν ἡμᾶς ὅπερ ἔχοντες ἀπολωλέκαμεν τοῦτο νῦν ἀναζητεῖν ζευγνύναι τε τὴν ψυχὴν τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ καὶ τὴν κατὰ θεὸν συζυγίαν πραγματεύεσθαι. ψυχὴ μὲν οὖν ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πολυμερής ἐστι καὶ οὐ μονομερής. συνθετὴ γάρ ἐστιν ὡς εἶναι φανερὰν αὐτὴν διὰ σώματος· οὔτε γὰρ ἂν αὐτὴ φανείη ποτὲ χωρὶς σώματος οὔτε ἀνίσταται ἡ σὰρξ χωρὶς ψυχῆς. ἔστι γὰρ ἄνθρωπος οὐχ, ὥσπερ οἱ κορακόφωνοι δογματίζουσι, ζῶον λογικὸν νοῦ καὶ ἐπιστήμης δεκτικόν· δειχθήσεται γὰρ κατ' αὐτοὺς καὶ τὰ ἄλογα νοῦ καὶ ἐπιστήμης δεκτικά· μόνος δὲ ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰκὼν καὶ ὁμοίωσις τοῦ θεοῦ, λέγω δὲ ἄνθρωπον οὐχὶ τὸν ὅμοια τοῖς ζώοις πράττοντα, ἀλλὰ τὸν πόρρω μὲν τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος πρὸς αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν θεὸν κεχωρηκότα. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτου ἐν τῷ Περὶ ζώων ἀκριβέστερον ἡμῖν συντέτακται, τὸ δὲ νῦν συνέχον ῥητέον ποταπή τίς ἐστιν ἡ κατὰ θεὸν εἰκὼν καὶ ὁμοίωσις. τὸ μὲν ἀσύγκριτον οὐδέν ἐστιν ἕτερον ἢ αὐτὸ τὸ ὄν, τὸ δὲ συγκρινόμενον οὔτι ἕτερον ἢ τὸ παρόμοιον. ἄσαρκος μὲν οὖν ὁ τέλειος θεός, ἄνθρωπος δὲ σάρξ· δεσμὸς δὲ τῆς σαρκὸς ψυχή, σχετικὴ δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡ σάρξ. τὸ δὲ τοιοῦτον τῆς συστάσεως εἶδος εἰ μὲν ὡς ναὸς εἴη, <κατοικεῖν> ἐν αὐτῷ <θεὸς> βούλεται διὰ τοῦ πρεσβεύοντος πνεύματος· τοιούτου δὲ μὴ ὄντος τοῦ σκηνώματος προὔχει τῶν θηρίων ὁ ἄνθρωπος κατὰ τὴν ἔναρθρον φωνὴν μόνον, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐκείνοις διαίτης ἐστίν, οὐκ ὢν ὁμοίωσις τοῦ θεοῦ. δαίμονες δὲ πάντες σαρκίον μὲν οὐ κέκτηνται, πνευματικὴ δέ ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἡ σύμπηξις ὡς πυρὸς καὶ ἀέρος. μόνοις γοῦν τοῖς πνεύματι θεοῦ φρουρουμένοις εὐσύνοπτα καὶ τὰ τῶν δαιμόνων ἐστὶ σώματα, τοῖς λοιποῖς δὲ οὐδαμῶς, λέγω δὲ τοῖς ψυχικοῖς. τὸ γὰρ ἔλαττον κατάληψιν οὐκ ἰσχύει ποιεῖσθαι τοῦ κρείττονος. διὰ τοῦτο γοῦν ἡ τῶν δαιμόνων ὑπόστασις οὐκ ἔχει μετανοίας τόπον. τῆς γὰρ ὕλης καὶ πονηρίας εἰσὶν ἀπαυγάσματα, ὕλη δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς κατεξουσιάζειν ἠθέλησεν· καὶ κατὰ τὸ αὐτεξούσιον οἱ μὲν θανάτου νόμους τοῖς ἀνθρώποις παραδεδώκασιν· οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι μετὰ τὴν τῆς ἀθανασίας ἀποβολὴν θανάτῳ τῷ διὰ πίστεως τὸν θάνατον νενικήκασιν, καὶ διὰ μετανοίας κλῆσις αὐτοῖς δεδώρηται κατὰ τὸν εἰπόντα λόγον· ἐπειδὴ βραχύ τι παρ' ἀγγέλους ἠλαττώθησαν. δυνατὸν δὲ παντὶ τῷ νενικημένῳ πάλιν νικᾶν, τοῦ θανάτου τὴν σύστασιν παραιτούμενον· τίς δέ ἐστιν αὕτη, εὐσύνοπτον ἔσται τοῖς βουλομένοις ἀνθρώποις τὸ ἀθάνατον.

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Address of Tatian to the Greeks

Chapter XV.--Necessity of a Union with the Holy Spirit.

But further, it becomes us now to seek for what we once had, but have lost, to unite the soul with the Holy Spirit, and to strive after union with God. The human soul consists of many parts, and is not simple; it is composite, so as to manifest itself through the body; for neither could it ever appear by itself without the body, nor does the flesh rise again without the soul. Man is not, as the croaking philosophers say, merely a rational animal, capable of understanding and knowledge; for, according to them, even irrational creatures appear possessed of understanding and knowledge. But man alone is the image and likeness of God; and I mean by man, not one who performs actions similar to those of animals, but one who has advanced far beyond mere humanity--to God Himself. This question we have discussed more minutely in the treatise concerning animals. But the principal point to be spoken of now is, what is intended by the image and likeness of God. That which cannot be compared is no other than abstract being; but that which is compared is no other than that which is like. The perfect God is without flesh; but man is flesh. The bond of the flesh is the soul; ¹ that which encloses the soul is the flesh. Such is the nature of man's constitution; and, if it be like a temple, God is pleased to dwell in it by the spirit, His representative; but, if it be not such a habitation, man excels the wild beasts in articulate language only,--in other respects his manner of life is like theirs, as one who is not a likeness of God. But none of the demons possess flesh; their structure is spiritual, like that of fire or air. And only by those whom the Spirit of God dwells in and fortifies are the bodies of the demons easily seen, not at all by others,--I mean those who possess only soul;