Works Eusebius of Caesarea (260-339) Historia Ecclesiastica

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Histoire ecclésiastique

CHAPITRE PREMIER : CE QUE FIRENT LES APÔTRES APRÈS L'ASCENSION DU CHRIST

Mathias fut d'abord choisi par le sort pour l'apostolat à la place du traître Judas ; il était lui-même, comme nous l'avons dit, un des disciples du Sauveur. D'autre part, les douze établirent, par la prière et l'imposition des mains, des hommes éprouvés pour le service et l'administration du bien commun ; ils étaient au nombre de sept, Etienne et ses compagnons. Celui-ci, le premier suivit le maître dans la mort, au temps même où les mains lui avaient été imposées, comme s'il avait été promu pour cela ; il fut lapidé et mis à mort par les meurtriers du Seigneur et de cette sorte il remporta le premier, réalisant ainsi son nom, la couronne des nobles et victorieux martyrs du Christ. [2] Alors Jacques, celui qu'on dit frère du Seigneur (car il était appelé, lui aussi, fils de Joseph : Joseph était le père du Christ et marié à la Vierge ; avant qu'ils fussent ensemble, celle-ci fut trouvée ayant conçu du Saint-Esprit, comme 119 l'enseigne la sainte écriture îles évangiles) ; donc ce Jacques, que les anciens appelaient juste à cause de la supériorité de sa vertu, fut, dit-on, le premier, établi sur le trône épiscopal de l'église de Jérusalem,1 [3] Clément, dans le sixième livre de ses Hypotyposes, l'indique ainsi :

Il dit en effet que Pierre et Jacques et Jean, après l'ascension du Sauveur, quoique ayant été honorés plus que les autres par lui, ne revendiquèrent pas cette gloire, mais que Jacques le juste fut choisi comme évêque de Jérusalem.

[4] Le même écrivain, dans le septième livre du même ouvrage, dit encore de lui : « Le Seigneur, après la résurrection, donna la science à Jacques le juste et à Jean et à Pierre, et ceux-ci la donnèrent au reste des apôtres, et ceux-ci aux soixante-dix disciples, dont l'un était Barnabé. [5] Ils étaient deux Jacques, l'un, le juste, qui, précipité du faîte du temple, fut frappé avec un bâton de foulon jusqu'à la mort et l'autre qui eut la tête coupée. »

Paul fait aussi mention de Jacques le juste quand il écrit : « Je n'ai pas vu d'autre apôtre, sinon Jacques, le frère du Seigneur ». [6] En ce temps-là les promesses de notre Sauveur au roi des Osroèniens s'accomplirent, Thomas, cédant a une impulsion tout à fait divine, envoya donc Thaddée à Édesse pour être le héraut et l'évangéliste de la doctrine du Christ, Nous venons du 121 reste de le montrer un peu plus haut en citant l'écrit trouvé dans cette ville. [7] Arrivé dans ce pays, Thaddée guérit Abgar par la parole du Christ et étonna tous les habitants par les merveilles de ses prodiges; après les avoir suffisamment disposés par ses œuvres et les avoir amenés à vénérer la puissance du Sauveur, il en lit les disciples de la doctrine de salut. Depuis lors jusqu'à maintenant, toute la ville d'Édesse est consacrée au nom du Christ ; elle garde de notre sauveur une preuve extraordinaire de sa bienfaisance à l'égard de ses habitants.

[8] Ces choses sont tirées d'un récit ancien ; revenons à la divine Écriture. Lors du martyre d'Etienne, pendant la première et très grande persécution soulevée par les Juifs contre l'église de Jérusalem, tous les disciples, excepté les douze, se dispersèrent à travers la Judée et la Samarie ; quelques-uns, selon le dire de la divine Écriture, allèrent jusqu'en Phénicie, à Chypre et à Antioche : ils n'osaient pas encore donner aux Gentils la parole de la foi et ils l'annonçaient seulement aux Juifs. [9] Alors Paul dévastait l'Église jusqu'à ce jour, entrait dans les maisons des fidèles, traînant hommes et femmes et les mettant en prison. [10] Mais Philippe, l'un de ceux qui avaient été choisis avec Etienne pour être diacre, était parmi les dispersés ; il vint à Samarie et, rempli d'une vertu divine, il fit entendre le premier 123 la parole de Dieu aux gens de ce pays. Il fut assisté d'une telle grâce divine que même Simon le Mage ainsi qu'une grande multitude furent convaincus par ses discours. [11] Simon était à cette époque fort célèbre et il jouissait d'un tel ascendant sur ceux qu'il avait trompés par ses artifices qu'ils le tenaient pour la grande puissance de Dieu. Mais alors, étonné lui-même des merveilles que Philippe opérait en vertu d'un pouvoir divin, il s'insinua auprès de lui et feignit la foi au Christ jusqu'à ce qu'il reçût le baptême. [12] Il est du reste une chose étonnante qui se produit jusqu'en notre temps : les partisans de celle secte immonde, depuis cette époque, se glissent encore maintenant dans l'Église à la façon de leur ancêtre comme une peste et une gale, et îls causent de graves dommages à ceux auxquels ils peuvent infuser le venin caché en eux, difficile à guérir et virulent. La plupart d'entre eux ont du reste été chassés quand leur perversité fut découverte. Simon lui-même fut ainsi démasqué par Pierre et reçut la peine qu'il méritait.

[13] Cependant la prédication du salut faisait de jour en jour des progrès quand une providence amena d'Éthiopie un officier de la reine de ce pays (c'est une coutume antique observée encore aujourd'hui par ce peuple d'être gouverné par une femme). Le premier d'entre les gentils, cet étranger obtint de Philippe, grâce à une révélation, de participer aux mystères du Verbe divin ; il devint le premier des croyants de la terre, et, à son retour dans son pays, il fut aussi le premier, suivant la tradition, à prêcher 125 la connaissance du Dieu de l'univers et l'avènement de notre Sauveur parmi les hommes comme source de vie. Par lui s'accomplissait la prophétie : « La première, l'Éthiopie tendra les mains vers Dieu ».

[14] Cependant Paul, ce vase d'élection, fut proclamé apôtre, non de la part ni par l'intermédiaire des hommes, mais par la manifestation de Jésus-Christ lui-même et de Dieu le Père qui l'a ressuscité des morts : il fut déclaré digne de cette vocation par la vision et la voix qui retentit du ciel au moment de cette révélation.

  1. voy. J. TURMEL, Histoire de la théologie positive jusqu'au concile de Trente (Paris, 1904), p. 74 suiv. ↩

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The Church History of Eusebius

Chapter I.--The Course pursued by the Apostles after the Ascension of Christ.

1. First, then, in the place of Judas, the betrayer, Matthias, 1 who, as has been shown 2 was also one of the Seventy, was chosen to the apostolate. And there were appointed to the diaconate, 3 for the service of the congregation, by prayer and the laying on of the hands of the apostles, approved men, seven in number, of whom Stephen was one. 4 He first, after the Lord, was stoned to death at the time of his ordination by the slayers of the Lord, as if he had been promoted for this very purpose. 5 And thus he was the first to receive the crown, corresponding to his name, 6 which belongs to the martyrs of Christ, who are worthy of the meed of victory.

2. Then James, whom the ancients surnamed the Just 7 on account of the excellence of his virtue, is recorded to have been the first to be made bishop of the church of Jerusalem. This James was called the brother of the Lord 8 because he was known as a son of Joseph, 9 and Joseph was supposed to be the father of Christ, because the Virgin, being betrothed to him, "was found with child by the Holy Ghost before they came together," 10 as the account of the holy Gospels shows.

3. But Clement in the sixth book of his Hypotyposes 11 writes thus: "For they say that Peter and James and John after the ascension of our Saviour, as if also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose James the Just bishop of Jerusalem." 12

4. But the same writer, in the seventh book of the same work, relates also the following things concerning him: "The Lord after his resurrection imparted knowledge to James the Just and to John and Peter, and they imparted it to the rest of the apostles, and the rest of the apostles to the seventy, of whom Barnabas was one. 13 But there were two Jameses: 14 one called the Just, who was thrown from the pinnacle of the temple and was beaten to death with a club by a fuller, 15 and another who was beheaded." 16 Paul also makes mention of the same James the Just, where he writes, "Other of the apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother." 17

5. At that time also the promise of our Saviour to the king of the Osrhoenians was fulfilled. For Thomas, under a divine impulse, sent Thaddeus to Edessa as a preacher and evangelist of the religion of Christ, as we have shown a little above from the document found there. 18

7. When he came to that place he healed Abgarus by the word of Christ; and after bringing all the people there into the right attitude of mind by means of his works, and leading them to adore the power of Christ, he made them disciples of the Saviour's teaching. And from that time down to the present the whole city of the Edessenes has been devoted to the name of Christ, 19 offering no common proof of the beneficence of our Saviour toward them also.

8. These things have been drawn from ancient accounts; but let us now turn again to the divine Scripture. When the first and greatest persecution was instigated by the Jews against the church of Jerusalem in connection with the martyrdom of Stephen, and when all the disciples, except the Twelve, were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria, 20 some, as the divine Scripture says, went as far as Phoenicia and Cyprus and Antioch, but could not yet venture to impart the word of faith to the nations, and therefore preached it to the Jews alone. 21

9. During this time Paul was still persecuting the church, and entering the houses of believers was dragging men and women away and committing them to prison. 22

10. Philip also, one of those who with Stephen had been entrusted with the diaconate, being among those who were scattered abroad, went down to Samaria, 23 and being filled with the divine power, he first preached the word to the inhabitants of that country. And divine grace worked so mightily with him that even Simon Magus with many others was attracted by his words. 24

11. Simon was at that time so celebrated, and had acquired, by his jugglery, such influence over those who were deceived by him, that he was thought to be the great power of God. 25 But at this time, being amazed at the wonderful deeds wrought by Philip through the divine power, he feigned and counterfeited faith in Christ, even going so far as to receive baptism. 26

12. And what is surprising, the same thing is done even to this day by those who follow his most impure heresy. 27 For they, after the manner of their forefather, slipping into the Church, like a pestilential and leprous disease greatly afflict those into whom they are able to infuse the deadly and terrible poison concealed in themselves. 28 The most of these have been expelled as soon as they have been caught in their wickedness, as Simon himself, when detected by Peter, received the merited punishment. 29

13. But as the preaching of the Saviour's Gospel was daily advancing, a certain providence led from the land of the Ethiopians an officer of the queen of that country, 30 for Ethiopia even to the present day is ruled, according to ancestral custom, by a woman. He, first among the Gentiles, received of the mysteries of the divine word from Philip in consequence of a revelation, and having become the first-fruits of believers throughout the world, he is said to have been the first on returning to his country to proclaim the knowledge of the God of the universe and the life-giving sojourn of our Saviour among men; 31 so that through him in truth the prophecy obtained its fulfillment, which declares that "Ethiopia stretcheth out her hand unto God." 32

14. In addition to these, Paul, that "chosen vessel," 33 "not of men neither through men, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ himself and of God the Father who raised him from the dead," 34 was appointed an apostle, being made worthy of the call by a vision and by a voice which was uttered in a revelation from heaven. 35

  1. See Acts i. 23-26. ↩

  2. Bk. I. chap. 12, §2. ↩

  3. The view that the Seven were deacons appears first in Irenaeus (adv. Haer. I. 26. 3; III. 12. 10; IV. 15. I), then in Cyprian (Ep. 64. 3), and was the commonly accepted opinion of the Roman Church in the third century (for, while they had forty-six presbyters, they had only seven deacons; see below, Bk. VI. chap. 43), and has been ever since almost universally accepted. In favor of the identification are urged this early and unanimous tradition, the similarity of the duties assigned to the Seven and to later deacons, and the use of the words diakonia and diakonein in connection with the "Seven" in Acts vi. It must be remarked, however, that ancient tradition is not unanimously in favor of the identification, for Chrysostom (Homily XIV. on Acts) denies it; still further, the functions of the Seven and of later deacons were not identical, for the former were put in charge of the financial affairs of the Jerusalem church, while the latter acted simply as bishops' assistants. In fact, it was the bishop of the second century, not the deacon, that had charge of the church finances. And finally, no weight can be laid upon the use of the terms diakonein and diakonia in connection with the Seven, for these words are used always in a general, never in an official sense in other parts of the Acts and of the New Testament, and, what is still more decisive, the same word (diakonia) is used in the same passage in connection with the apostles; the Seven are "to serve tables" (diakonein tais trapezais,) the apostles are to give themselves to "the service of the word" (diakonia tou logou.) There is just as much reason, therefore, on linguistic grounds, for calling the apostles "deacons" as for giving that name to the Seven. On the other hand, against the opinion that the Seven were deacons, are to be urged the facts that they are never called "deacons" by Luke or by any other New Testament writer; that we are nowhere told, in the New Testament or out of it, that there were deacons in the Jerusalem church, although Luke had many opportunities to call the Seven "deacons" if he had considered them such; and finally, that according to Epiphanius (Haer. XXX. 18), the Ebionitic churches of Palestine in his time had only presbyters and Archisynagogi (chiefs of the synagogue). These Ebionites were the Jewish Christian reactionaries who refused to advance with the Church catholic in its normal development; it is therefore at least significant that there were no deacons among them in the fourth century. In view of these considerations I feel compelled to doubt the traditional identification, although it is accepted without dissent by almost all scholars (cf. e.g. Lightfoot's article on The Christian Ministry in his Commentary on Philippians). There remain but two possibilities: either the Seven constituted a merely temporary committee (as held by Chrysostom, and in modern times, among others, by Vitringa, in his celebrated work on the Synagogue, and by Stanley in his Essays on the Apostolic Age); or they were the originals of permanent officers in the Church, other than deacons. The former alternative is possible, but the emphasis which Luke lays upon the appointment is against it, as also the fact that the very duties which these men were chosen to perform were such as would increase rather than diminish with the growth of the Church, and such as would therefore demand the creation of a new and similar committee if the old were not continued. In favor of the second alternative there is, it seems to me, much to be said. The limits of this note forbid a full discussion of the subject. But it may be urged: First, that we find in the Acts frequent mention of a body of men in the Jerusalem church known as "elders." Of the appointment of these elders we have no account, and yet it is clear that they cannot have been in existence when the apostles proposed the appointment of the Seven. Secondly, although the Seven were such prominent and influential men, they are not once mentioned as a body in the subsequent chapters of the Acts, while, whenever we should expect to find them referred to with the apostles, it is always the "elders" that are mentioned. Finally, when the elders appear for the first time (Acts xi. 30), we find them entrusted with the same duties which the Seven were originally appointed to perform: they receive the alms sent by the church of Antioch. It is certainly, to say the least, a very natural conclusion that these "elders" occupy the office of whose institution we read in Acts vi. Against this identification of the Seven with the elders of the Jerusalem church it might be urged: First, that Luke does not call them elders. But it is quite possible that they were not called by that name at first, and yet later acquired it; and in that case, in referring to them in later times, people would naturally call the first appointed "the Seven," to distinguish them from their successors, "the elders,"--the well-known and frequently mentioned officers whose number may well have been increased as the church grew. It is thus easier to account for Luke's omission of the name "elder," than it would be to account for his omission of the name "deacon," if they were deacons. In the second place, it might be objected that the duties which the Seven were appointed to perform were not commensurate with those which fell to the lot of the elders as known to us. This objection, however, loses its weight when we realize that the same kind of a development went on in connection with the bishop, as has been most clearly pointed out by Hatch in his Organization of the Early Christian Churches, and by Harnack in his translation of that work and in his edition of the Teaching of the Apostles. Moreover, in the case of the Seven, who were evidently the chiefest men in the Jerusalem church after the apostles, and at the same time were "full of the Spirit," it was very natural that, as the apostles gradually scattered, the successors of these Seven should have committed to them other duties besides the purely financial ones. The theory presented in this note is not a novel one. It was suggested first by Böhmer (in his Diss. Juris eccles.), who was followed by Ritschl (in his Entstehung der alt-kath. Kirche), and has been accepted in a somewhat modified form by Lange (in his Apostolisches Zeitalter), and by Lechler (in his Apost. und Nachapost. Zeitalter). Before learning that the theory had been proposed by others, I had myself adapted it and had embodied it in a more elaborate form in a paper read before a ministerial association in the spring of 1888. My confidence in its validity has of course been increased by the knowledge that it has been maintained by the eminent scholars referred to above. ↩

  4. See Acts vi. 1-6. ↩

  5. See Acts vii ↩

  6. stephanos, "a crown." ↩

  7. James is not called the "Just" in the New Testament, but Hegesippus (quoted by Eusebius, chap. 23) says that he was called thus by all from the time of Christ, on account of his great piety, and it is by this name that he is known throughout history. ↩

  8. See above, Bk. I. chap. 12, note 13. ↩

  9. Eusebius testimony is in favor of the half-brother theory; for had he considered James the son of Mary, he could not have spoken in this way. ↩

  10. Matt. i. 18. ↩

  11. On Clement's Hypotyposes, see Bk. VI. chap. 13, note 3. On Clement's life and writings, see Bk. V. chap. 11. ↩

  12. all' 'I?kobon ton dikaion episkopon ton Ierosolumon helesthai, as the majority of the mss. and editions read. Laemmer, followed by Heinichen, substitutes genesthai for helesthaion the authority of two important codices. The other reading, however, is as well, if not better, supported. How soon after the ascension of Christ, James the Just assumed a leading position in the church of Jerusalem, we do not know. He undoubtedly became prominent very soon, as Paul in 37 (or 40) a.d. sees him in addition to Peter on visiting Jerusalem. But we do not know of his having a position of leadership until the Jerusalem Council in 51 (Acts xv. and Gal. ii.), where he is one of the three pillars, standing at least upon an equality in influence with Peter and John. But this very expression "three pillars of the Church" excludes the supposition that he was bishop of the Church in the modern sense of the term--he was only one of the rulers of the Church. Indeed, we have abundant evidence from other sources that the monarchical episcopacy was nowhere known at that early age. It was the custom of all writers of the second century and later to throw back into the apostolic age their own church organization, and hence we hear of bishops appointed by the apostles in various churches where we know that the episcopacy was a second century growth. ↩

  13. See above, Bk. I. chap. 12, note 3. ↩

  14. Clement evidently identifies James, the brother of the Lord, with James, the son of Alphaeus (compare the words just above: "These delivered it to the rest of the apostles," in which the word "apostles," on account of the "Seventy" just following, seems to be used in a narrow sense, and therefore this James to be one of the Twelve), and he is thus cited as a witness to the cousin hypothesis (see above, Bk. I. chap. 12, note 13). Papias, too, in a fragment given by Routh (Rel. Sac. I. p. 16) identifies the two. But Hegesippus (quoted by Eusebius in chap. 23) expressly states that there were many of this name, and that he was therefore called James the Just to distinguish him from others. Eusebius quotes this passage of Clement with apparently no suspicion that it contradicts his own opinion in regard to the relationship of James to Christ. The contradiction, indeed, appears only upon careful examination. ↩

  15. Josephus (Ant. XX. 9. 1) says he was stoned to death. The account of Clement agrees with that of Hegesippus quoted by Eusebius in chap. 23, below, which see. ↩

  16. James, the son of Zebedee, who was beheaded by Herod Agrippa I., 44 a.d. See Acts xii. 2, and Bk. II. chap. 9 below. ↩

  17. Gal. i. 19. ↩

  18. See above, Bk. I. chap. 13. ↩

  19. The date of the introduction of Christianity into Edessa is not known (see above, Bk. I. chap. 13, notes 1 and 3) but it was the seat of a bishop in the third century, and in Eusebius' time was filled with magnificent churches and monasteries. ↩

  20. See Acts viii. 1 ↩

  21. See Acts xi. 19 ↩

  22. See Acts viii. 3 ↩

  23. See Acts viii. 5 ↩

  24. See Acts viii. 9 sqq. Upon Simon, see chap. 13, note 3. ↩

  25. ten meg?len dunamin tou theou. Compare Acts viii. 10, which has he dunamis tou theou he kaloumene. According to Irenaeus (I. 23. 1) he was called "the loftiest of all powers, i.e. the one who is father over all things" (sublissimam virtutem, hoc est, eum qui sit nuper omnia Pater); according to Justin Martyr, Apol. I. 26 (see below, chap. 13), ton proton theon; according to the Clementine Homilies (II. 22) he wished to be called "a certain supreme power of God" (anot?te tis dunamis.) According to the Clementine Recognitions (II. 7) he was called the "Standing one" (hinc ergo Stans appellatur). ↩

  26. Eusebius here utters the universal belief of the early Church, which from the subsequent career of Simon, who was considered the founder of all heresies, and the great arch-heretic himself, read back into his very conversion the hypocrisy for which he was afterward distinguished in Church history. The account of the Acts does not say that his belief was hypocritical, and leaves it to be implied (if it be implied at all) only from his subsequent conduct in endeavoring to purchase the gift of God with money. ↩

  27. Eusebius may refer here to the Simonians, an heretical sect (mentioned by Justin, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and others), which recognized him as its founder and leader (though they originated probably at a later date), and even looked upon him as a God. They were exceedingly licentious and immoral. Their teachings gradually assumed a decidedly Gnostic character, and Simon came to be looked upon as the father of all Gnostics (compare Irenaeus, I. 27. 4), and hence of heretics in general, and as himself the arch-heretic. Eusebius, therefore, perhaps refers in this place simply to the Gnostics, or to the heretics in general. ↩

  28. Another instance of the external and artificial conception of heresy which Eusebius held in common with his age. ↩

  29. Acts viii. tells of no punishment which befell Simon further than the rebuke of Peter which Hippolytus (Phil. vi. 15) calls a curse, and which as such may have been regarded by Eusebius as a deserved punishment, its effect clinging to him, and finally bringing him to destruction (see below, chap. 14, note 8). ↩

  30. Acts viii. 26 sqq. This queen was Candace, according to the Biblical account; but Candace was the name, not of an individual, but of a dynasty of queens who ruled in Meroë, an island formed by two branches of the Nile, south of Egypt. See Pliny, H. N. VI. 35 (Delphin edition); Dion Cassius, LIV. 5; and Strabo, XVII. 1. 54 (Müller's edit., Paris, 1877). ↩

  31. Irenaeus (Adv. Haer. III. 12. 8) says that this Eunuch returned to Ethiopia and preached there. But by no one else, so far as I know, is the origin of Christianity in Ethiopia traced back to him. The first certain knowledge we have of the introduction of Christianity into Ethiopia is in the fourth century, under Frumentius and Ædesius, of whom Rufinus, I. 9, gives the original account; and yet it is probable that Christianity existed there long before this time. Compare Neander's Kirchengeschichte, I. p. 46. See also H. R. Reynolds' article upon the "Ethiopian Church" in Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biography, II. 232 sqq. ↩

  32. Psa. xviii. 31. ↩

  33. Acts ix. 15. ↩

  34. Gal. i. 1. ↩

  35. See Acts ix. 3 sqq.; xxii. 6 sqq.; xxvi. 12 sqq.; Gal. i. 16; 1 Cor. xv. 8-10 ↩

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