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The Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret (CCEL)

Chapter XVI. Of the holy Basilius, Bishop of Cæsarea, and the measures taken against him by Valens and the prefect Modestus.

Valens , one might almost say, deprived every church of its shepherd, and set out for the Cappadocian Cæsarea, ¹ at that time the see of the great Basil, a light of the world. Now he had sent the prefect before him with orders either to persuade Basil to embrace the communion of Eudoxius, or, in the event of his refusal, to punish him by exile. Previously acquainted as he was with the bishop’s high reputation, he was at first unwilling to attack him, for he was apprehensive lest the bishop, by boldly meeting and withstanding his assault, should furnish an example of bravery to the rest. This artful stratagem was as ineffective as a spider’s web. For the stories told of old were quite enough for the rest of the episcopate, and they kept the wall of the faith unmoved like bastions in the circle of its walls.

The prefect, however, on his arrival at Cæsarea, sent for the great Basil. He treated him with respect, and, addressing him with moderate and courteous language, urged him to yield to the exigencies of the time, and not to forsake so many churches on account of a petty nicety of doctrine. He moreover promised him the friendship of the emperor, and pointed out that through it he might be the means of conferring great advantages upon many. “This sort of talk,” said the divine man, “is fitted for little boys, for they and their like easily swallow such inducements. But they who are nurtured by divine words will not suffer so much as a syllable of the divine creeds to be let go, and for their sake are ready, should need require, to embrace every kind of death. The emperor’s friendship I hold to be of great value if conjoined with true religion; otherwise I doom it for a deadly thing.”

Then the prefect was moved to wrath, and declared that Basil was out of his senses. “But,” said the divine man, “this madness I pray be ever mine.” The bishop was then ordered to retire, to deliberate on the course to be pursued, and on the morrow to declare to what conclusion he had come. Intimidation was moreover joined with argument. The reply of the illustrious bishop is related to have been “I for my part shall come to you tomorrow the same man that I am today; do not yourself change, but carry out your threats.” After these discussions the prefect met the emperor and reported the conversation, pointing out the bishop’s virtue, and the undaunted manliness of his character. The emperor said nothing and passed in. In his palace he saw that plagues from heaven had fallen, for his son ² lay sick at the very gates of death and his wife ³ was beset by many ailments. Then he recognised the cause of these sorrows, and entreated the divine man, whom he had threatened with chastisement, to come to his house. His officers performed the imperial behests and then the great Basil came to the palace.

After seeing the emperor’s son on the point of death he promised him restoration to life if he should receive holy baptism at the hands of the pious, and with this pledge went his way. But the emperor, like the foolish Herod, remembered his oath, and P. 120 ordered some of the Arian faction who were present to baptize the boy, who immediately died. Then Valens repented; he saw how fraught with danger the keeping of his oath had been, and came to the divine temple and received the teaching of the great Basil, and offered the customary gifts at the altar. The bishop moreover ordered him to come within the divine curtains where he sat and talked much with him about the divine decrees and in turn listened to him.

Now there was present a certain man of the name of Demosthenes, ⁴ superintendent of the imperial kitchen, who in rudely chiding the man who instructed the world was guilty of a solecism of speech. Basil smiled and said “we see here an illiterate Demosthenes;” and on Demosthenes losing his temper and uttering threats, he continued “your business is to attend to the seasoning of soups; you cannot understand theology because your ears are stopped up.” So he said, and the emperor was so delighted that he gave him some fine lands which he had there for the poor under his care, for they being in grievous bodily affliction were specially in need of care and cure.

In this manner then the great Basil avoided the emperor’s first attack, but when he came a second time his better judgement was obstructed by counsellors who deceived him; he forgot what had happened on the former occasion and ordered Basil to go over to the hostile faction, and, failing to persuade him, commanded the decree of exile to be enforced. But when he tried to affix his signature to it he could not even form one tittle of a word, ⁵ for the pen broke, and when the same thing happened to the second and to the third pen, and he still strove to sign that wicked edict, his hand shook; he quaked, his soul was filled with fright; he tore the paper with both his hands, and so proof was given by the Ruler of the world that it was He Himself who had permitted these sufferings to be undergone by the rest, but had made Basil stronger than the snares laid against him, and, by all the incidents of Basil’s case, had declared His own almighty power, while on the other hand He had proclaimed abroad the courage of good men. Thus Valens was disappointed in his attack.

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ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΚΥΡΟΥ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΤΟΜΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ

γʹ.

Ἐπιστολὴ συνοδικὴ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Ἰοβιανὸν γραφεῖσα περὶ τῆς πίστεως.

«Τῷ εὐλαβεστάτῳ καὶ φιλανθρωποτάτῳ Νικητῇ Αὐγούστῳ Ἰοβιανῷ Ἀθανάσιος καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἐπίσκοποι οἱ ἐλθόντες ἐκ προσώπου πάντων τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ Θηβαΐδος καὶ Λιβύων ἐπισκόπων.

Πρέπουσα θεοφιλεῖ βασιλεῖ φιλομαθὴς προαίρεσις καὶ πόθος τῶν οὐρανίων· οὕτως γὰρ ἀληθῶς καὶ τὴν καρδίαν ἔχεις ἐν χειρὶ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν μετ´ εἰρήνης πολλαῖς ἐτῶν περιόδοις ἐπιτελέσεις. Θελησάσης τοίνυν τῆς σῆς εὐσεβείας μαθεῖν παρ´ ἡμῶν τὴν τῆς καθολικῆς ἐκκλησίας πίστιν, εὐχαριστήσαντες ἐπὶ τούτῳ τῷ κυρίῳ ἐβουλευσάμεθα πάντων μᾶλλον τὴν παρὰ τῶν πατέρων ὁμολογηθεῖσαν ἐν Νικαίᾳ πίστιν ὑπομνῆσαι τὴν σὴν θεοσέβειαν. Ταύτην γὰρ ἀθετήσαντές τινες ἡμῖν μὲν ποικίλως ἐπεβούλευσαν ὅτι μὴ πειθόμεθα τῇ Ἀρειανῇ αἱρέσει, αἴτιοι δὲ γεγόνασιν αἱρέσεως καὶ σχισμάτων τῇ καθολικῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ. Ἡ μὲν ἀληθὴς καὶ εὐσεβὴς εἰς τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν πίστις φανερὰ πᾶσι καθέστηκε καὶ ἐκ τῶν θείων γραφῶν γιγνωσκομένη τε καὶ ἀναγιγνωσκομένη. Ἐν ταύτῃ γὰρ καὶ οἱ ἅγιοι τελειωθέντες ἐμαρτυρήθησαν καὶ νῦν ἀναλύσαντές εἰσιν ἐν κυρίῳ. Ἔμεινε δὲ ἀεὶ ἡ πίστις διὰ παντὸς ἀβλαβής, εἰ μὴ πονηρία τινῶν αἱρετικῶν παραποιῆσαι ταύτην ἐτόλμησεν. Ἄρειος γάρ τις καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ διαφθεῖραι ταύτην καὶ ἀσέβειαν κατ´ αὐτῆς ἐπεισαγαγεῖν ἐπεχείρησαν, φάσκοντες ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων καὶ κτίσμα καὶ ποίημα καὶ τρεπτὸν εἶναι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, πολλούς τε ἐν τούτοις ἠπάτησαν, ὥστε καὶ τοὺς δοκοῦντας εἶναί τι συναπαχθῆναι αὐτῶν τῇ δυσφημίᾳ. Καὶ φθάσαντες μὲν οἱ ἅγιοι πατέρες ἡμῶν, συνελθόντες ὡς προεῖπον ἐν τῇ κατὰ Νίκαιαν συνόδῳ, τὴν μὲν Ἀρειανὴν αἵρεσιν ἀνεθεμάτισαν, τὴν δὲ τῆς καθολικῆς ἐκκλησίας πίστιν ὡμολόγησαν ἐγγράφως, ὥστε ταύτης πανταχοῦ κηρυττομένης ἀποσβεσθῆναι τὴν ἀναφθεῖσαν αἵρεσιν παρὰ τῶν αἱρετικῶν. Ἦν μὲν οὖν αὕτη κατὰ πᾶσαν ἐκκλησίαν γιγνωσκομένη τε καὶ κηρυττομένη. Ἀλλ´ ἐπειδὴ τὴν Ἀρειανὴν αἵρεσιν ἀνανεῶσαι βουλόμενοι τινὲς μὲν αὐτὴν τὴν ἐν Νικαίᾳ παρὰ τῶν πατέρων ὁμολογηθεῖσαν πίστιν τετολμήκασιν ἀθετῆσαι, τινὲς δὲ σχηματίζονται ὁμολογεῖν αὐτήν, ταῖς δὲ ἀληθείαις ἀρνοῦνται, παρερμηνεύοντες τὸ ὁμοούσιον, καὶ οὗτοι βλασφημοῦντες τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐν τῷ φάσκειν αὐτοὺς κτίσμα εἶναι καὶ ποίημα διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ γεγονός, ἀναγκαίως θεωρήσαντες τὴν ἐκ τῆς τοιαύτης βλασφημίας βλάβην γιγνομένην κατὰ τῶν λαῶν, ἐπιδοῦναι τῇ σῇ εὐσεβείᾳ τὴν ἐν Νικαίᾳ ὁμολογηθεῖσαν πίστιν ἐσπουδάσαμεν, ἵνα γνῷ σου ἡ θεοσέβεια μεθ´ ὅσης ἀκριβείας γέγραπται καὶ ὅσον πλανῶνται οἱ παρ´ αὐτὴν διδάσκοντες.

Γίγνωσκε, θεοφιλέστατε Αὔγουστε, ὅτι αὕτη μέν ἐστιν ἡ ἐξ αἰῶνος κηρυττομένη, ταύτην δὲ ὡμολόγησαν οἱ ἐν Νικαίᾳ συνελθόντες πατέρες καὶ ταύτῃ σύμψηφοι τυγχάνουσι πᾶσαι αἱ κατὰ τόπον ἐκκλησίαι, αἵ τε κατὰ τὴν Σπανίαν καὶ Βρεττανίαν καὶ Γαλλίας, καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας πάσης καὶ Δαλματίας, Δακίας τε καὶ Μυσίας, Μακεδονίας καὶ πάσης Ἑλλάδος, καὶ αἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἀφρικὴν πᾶσαι καὶ Σαρδανίαν καὶ Κύπρον καὶ Κρήτην, Παμφυλίαν τε καὶ Λυκίαν καὶ Ἰσαυρίαν, καὶ αἱ κατὰ πᾶσαν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Λιβύας καὶ Πόντον καὶ Καππαδοκίαν καὶ τὰ πλησίον μέρη, καὶ αἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἀνατολὴν ἐκκλησίαι, πάρεξ ὀλίγων τῶν τὰ Ἀρείου φρονούντων. Πάντων γὰρ τῶν προειρημένων τῇ πείρᾳ ἐγνώκαμεν τὴν γνώμην καὶ γράμματα ἔχομεν. Καὶ οἴδαμεν, θεοφιλέστατε Αὔγουστε, ὅτι κἂν ὀλίγοι τινὲς ἀντιλέγωσι ταύτῃ τῇ πίστει, οὐ δύνανται πρόκριμα ποιεῖν πάσῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ. Πολλῷ γὰρ χρόνῳ βλαβέντες ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρειανῆς αἱρέσεως, φιλονεικότερον νῦν ἀνθίστανται τῇ εὐσεβείᾳ. Καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ γιγνώσκειν τὴν σὴν εὐσέβειαν, καίτοι γιγνώσκουσαν, ὅμως ἐσπουδάσαμεν τὴν ἐν Νικαίᾳ πίστιν ὁμολογηθεῖσαν ὑπὸ τριακοσίων δέκα καὶ ὀκτὼ ἐπισκόπων ὑποτάξαι. Ἔστι δὲ αὕτη ἡ ἐν Νικαίᾳ πίστις·

« Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα θεόν, πατέρα παντοκράτορα, πάντων ὁρατῶν τε καὶ ἀοράτων ποιητήν· καὶ εἰς ἕνα κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, γεννηθέντα ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς μονογενῆ, τουτέστιν ἐκ τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ πατρός, θεὸν ἐκ θεοῦ, φῶς ἐκ φωτός, θεὸν ἀληθινὸν ἐκ θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα, οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ πατρί, δι´ οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο τά τε ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τὸν δι´ ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα, σαρκωθέντα, ἐνανθρωπήσαντα, παθόντα καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς· καὶ εἰς τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα. Τοὺς δὲ λέγοντας ὅτι ἦν ποτε ὅτε οὐκ ἦν, καὶ πρὶν γεννηθῆναι οὐκ ἦν, καὶ ὅτι ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ἐγένετο, ἢ ἐξ ἑτέρας ὑποστάσεως ἢ οὐσίας φάσκοντας εἶναι, ἢ κτιστὸν ἢ τρεπτὸν ἢ ἀλλοιωτὸν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, τούτους ἀναθεματίζει ἡ ἁγία καθολικὴ καὶ ἀποστολικὴ ἐκκλησία.

Ταύτῃ τῇ πίστει, θεοφιλέστατε Αὔγουστε, ἐπιμένειν ἀναγκαῖον ὡς θείᾳ καὶ ἀποστολικῇ, καὶ μηδένα μετακινεῖν αὐτὴν πιθανολογίαις καὶ λογομαχίαις· ὅπερ ἐποίησαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς οἱ Ἀρειομανῖται, ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ λέγοντες, καὶ ὅτι ἦν ποτε ὅτε οὐκ ἦν, καὶ κτιστὸς καὶ ποιητὸς καὶ τρεπτός ἐστι. Διὰ τοῦτο γάρ, καθὰ προείπαμεν, καὶ ἡ ἐν Νικαίᾳ σύνοδος ἀνεθεμάτισε τὴν τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν, τὴν δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας πίστιν ὡμολόγησεν. Οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς ὅμοιον εἰρήκασι τὸν υἱὸν τῷ πατρί, ἵνα μὴ ἁπλῶς ὅμοιος θεοῦ, ἀλλ´ ἐκ θεοῦ θεὸς ἀληθινὸς πιστεύηται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁμοούσιον ἔγραψαν, ὅπερ ἴδιόν ἐστι γνησίου καὶ ἀληθινοῦ υἱοῦ, ἐξ ἀληθινοῦ καὶ φύσει πατρός. Ἀλλ´ οὐδὲ ἀπηλλοτρίωσαν τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον συνεδόξασαν αὐτὸ τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τῷ υἱῷ ἐν τῇ μιᾷ τῆς ἁγίας τριάδος πίστει, διὰ τὸ καὶ μίαν εἶναι τὴν ἐν τῇ ἁγίᾳ τριάδι θεότητα. »