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The Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret (CCEL)
Chapter XI. The evil and daring deeds done by Georgius in Alexandria.
1 Athanasius having thus escaped the bloodstained hands of his adversaries, Georgius, who was truly another wolf, was entrusted with authority over the flock. He treated the sheep with more cruelty than wolf, or bear, or leopard could have shewn. He compelled young women who had vowed perpetual virginity, not only to disown the communion of Athanasius, but also to anathematize the faith of the fathers. The agent in his cruelty was Sebastianus, an officer in command of troops. He ordered a fire to be kindled in the centre of the city, and placed the virgins, who were stripped naked, close to it, commanding them to deny the faith. Although they formed a most sorrowful and pitiable spectacle for believers as well as for unbelievers, they considered that all these dishonours conferred the highest honour on them; and they joyfully received the blows inflicted on them on account of their faith. All these facts shall be more clearly narrated by their own pastor.
“About Lent, Georgius returned from Cappadocia, and added to the evils which he had been taught by our enemies. After the Easter week virgins were cast into prison, bishops were bound and dragged away by the soldiers, the homes of widows and of orphans were pillaged, robbery and violence went on from house to house, and the Christians during the darkness of night were seized and torn away from their dwellings. Seals were fixed on many houses. The brothers of the clergy were in peril for their brothers’ sake. These cruelties were very atrocious, but still more so were those which were subsequently perpetrated. In the week following the holy festival of Pentecost, the people who were keeping a fast came out to the cemetery 2 to pray, because they all renounced any communion with Georgius. This vilest of men was informed of this circumstance, and he incited Sebastianus the military commander, a Manichean 3, to attack the people; and, accordingly, on the Lord’s day itself he rushed upon them with a large body of armed soldiers wielding naked swords, and bows, and arrows. He found but few Christians in the act of praying, for most of them had retired on account of the lateness of the hour. Then he did such deeds as might be expected from one who had lent his ears to such teachers. He ordered a large fire to be lighted, and the virgins to be brought close to it, and then tried to compel them to declare themselves of the Arian creed. When he perceived that they were conquering, and giving no heed to the fire, he ordered them to be stripped naked, and to be beaten until their faces for a long while were scarcely recognisable. He then seized forty men, and inflicted on them a new kind of torture. He ordered them to be scourged with branches of palm-trees, retaining their thorns; and by these their flesh was so lacerated that some because of the thorns fixed fast in them had again and again to put themselves under the surgeon’s hand; others were not able to bear the agony and died. All who survived, and also the virgins, were then banished to the Greater Oasis. They even refused to give up the bodies of the dead to their kinsfolk for burial, but flung them away unburied, and hid them just as they pleased, in order that it might appear that they had nothing to do with these cruel transactions, and were ignorant of them. But they were deceived in this foolish expectation: for the friends of the slain, while they rejoiced at the faithfulness of the deceased, deeply lamented the loss of the corpses, and spread abroad a full account of the cruelty that had been perpetrated.
“The following bishops were banished from Egypt and from Libya:—Ammonius, Muïus, Caius, Philo, Hermes, Plenius, Psinosiris, Nilammon, Agapius, Anagamphus, Marcus, Dracontius, Adelphius, another Ammonius, another Marcus, and Athenodorus; and also P. 76 the presbyters Hierax and Dioscorus 4. These were all driven into exile in so cruel a manner that many died on the road, and others at the place of their banishment. The persecutors caused the death 5 of more than thirty bishops. For, like Ahab, their mind was set on rooting out the truth, had it been possible 6.”
Athanasius also, in a letter addressed to the virgins 7 who were treated with so much barbarity, uses the following words: “Let none of you be grieved although these impious heretics grudge you burial and prevent your corpses being carried forth. The impiety of the Arians has reached such a height, that they block up the gates, and sit like so many demons around the tombs, in order to hinder the dead from being interred.”
These and many other similar atrocities were perpetrated by Georgius in Alexandria.
The holy Athanasius was well aware that there was no spot which could be considered a place of safety for him; for the emperor had promised a very large reward to whoever should bring him alive, or his head as a proof of his death.
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Georgius, a fraudulent contractor of Constantinople (Ath. Hist. Ar. 75), made Arian Bishop of Alexandria on the expulsion of Athanasius, in a.d. 356, was born in a fuller’s shop at Epiphania in Cilicia. (Amm. Marc. xxii. 11, 3.) He was known as “the Cappadocian,” and further illustrates the old saying of “ Καππάδοκες Κρήτες Κίλικες, τρία κάππα κάκιστα ,” and the kindred epigram Καππαδόκην ποτ᾽ ἔχιδνα κακὴ δάκεν· & 135·λλὰ καὶ αὐτή κάτθανε γευσαμένη αἵματος ἱοβόλου The crimes of the brutal “Antipope” (Prof. Bright in Dict. Christ. Biog. ) are many, but he was a book-collector. (Jul. Ep. ix. 36, cf. Gibbon 1. Chap. 23.) Gibbon says “the infamous George of Cappadocia has been transformed into the renowned St. George of England;” an identity sufficiently disproved. ↩
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κοιμητήριον , or sleeping-place. Cf. Chrysost. ed. Migne. ii. 394. ↩
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The earliest account of the system of Manes or Mani is to be found in Euseb. H.E. vii. 31. From the end of the * century it made rapid progress. ↩
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One Ammonius had been consecrated by Alexander, and was bishop of Pacnemunis (Ath. ad Drac. 210, and Hist. Ar. §72). Another was apparently consecrated by Athanasius ( Hist. Ar. §72). An Ammonius was banished to the Upper Oasis (id.). Caius was the orthodox bishop of Thmuis. Philo was banished to Babylon ( Hist. Ar. §72, cf. Jer. Vita Hilarionis 30). Muïus, Psinosiris, Nilammon, Plenius, Marcus (the sees of these two Marci were Zygra and Philæ), and Athenodorus, were relegated to the parts about the Libyan Ammon, nine days’ journey from Alexandria, only that they might perish on the road. One did die. ( Hist Ar. §72.) Adelphius was bishop of Onuphis in the Delta, and was sent to the Thebaid. ( Tom. ad Ant. 615.) Dracontius, to whom Athanasius addressed a letter, went to the deserts about Clysma (25 m. s.w. of Suez), and Hierax and Dioscorus to Syene (Assouan ( Hist. Ar.* §72), whither Trajan had banished Juvenal. ↩
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Some authorities read more mildly, “drove into exile.” ↩
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Ap. de fug. §7. Cf. Hist. Ar.* §72. ↩
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“Hæc Athanasii Epistola hodie quod sciam non extat.” Valesius. ↩
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Histoire de l'Église
CHAPITRE IX.
Piège dresse aux deux Évêques envoyés par L'Empereur Constant.
LES deux Évêques que l'Empereur Constant avait envoyés dont l'un se nommait Euphratas, et l'autre Vincent logeaient à Antioche proche d'une hauteur, et le Maître de la Milice logeait dans un autre quartier. Etienne tenait alors le gouvernail du vaisseau de l'Église d'Antioche, et la faisait couler à fond. Il avait plusieurs ministres de ses tyranniques entreprises, par le moyen desquels il persécutait les défenseurs de la bonne doctrine. Le Chef de ces ministres était un jeune homme hardi, entreprenant, et très corrompu dans ses mœurs. Il ne se contentait pas d'attaquer les hommes au milieu des rues, et de les traiter indignement, il entrait impudemment dans les maisons, et en tirait des Dames, de 112 condition. Mais sans m'engager à faire une longue énumération de ses crimes je me contenterai de rapporter ce qu'il fit contre ces deux Évêques, parce que ce fait suffit seul pour donner quelque idée des violences qu'il exerça contre les citoyens.
Il alla trouver une Courtisane, et lui dit qu'il était arrivé des Etrangers qui souhaitaient de passer la nuit avec elle. Ayant ensuite posé quinze hommes de sa faction en embuscade dans une masure proche de la montagne où logeaient les deux Évêques, il marcha avec la Courtisane vers la porte, qui lui ayant été ouverte par un valet qu'il avait gagné par argent, il entra, et ayant montré à la femme la chambre d'Euphratas le plus âgé des deux Évêques, il lui dit qu'elle entrât dedans, et pour lui il sortit pour aller quérir ses compagnons qu'il avait posés en embuscade. Euphratas était couché dans la première chambre, et Vincent dans la seconde. Euphratas ayant entendu du bruit demanda qui c'était. La femme ayant répondu, il eut peur, et croyant que c'était le diable qui avait pris la figure d'une femme, il appela Jésus-Christ nôtre Sauveur à son secours. Cependant le jeune homme (il s'appelait Onager, c'est à dire, âne sauvage, et il en était un en effet, parce qu'il donnait des coups de pieds aux personnes de piété,) revint à la tête de sa bande en criant, et en appelant méchants ceux qui espéraient que de méchants Juges leur seraient favorables, Vincent s'étant levé, et tous les valets qui étaient dans la maison étant accourus au bruit, ils ne purent prendre que sept des compagnons d'Onager, les autres s'étant échappés. 113 La femme fut aussi arrêtée, et mise en prison. Dès la pointe du jour les deux Évêques donnèrent avis au Maître de la Milice de ce qui leur était arrivé, et allèrent tous trois ensemble au Palais de l'Empereur .pour se plaindre de la violence d Etienne qui avait été si publique, que pour l'en convaincre il ne fallait ni Juges, ni témoins. Le Maître de la Milice demandait hautement que l'assaire fût jugée non par des Évêques assemblés dans un Concile, mais par les Juges ordinaires. Il offrait de livrer les Clercs des Évêques pour être mis les premiers à la question, pourvu que les Domestiques d'Etienne subissent la même loi. Comme ce dernier combattait cette proposition, et soutenait que des Ecclésiastiques ne devaient point être mis à la question, l'Empereur et les principaux de sa Cour trouvèrent à propos que l'assaire fût jugée dans son Palais. La femme fut la première interrogée, et on lui demanda par qui elle avait été menée dans l'hôtellerie où logeaient les deux Évêques. Elle répondit qu'un jeune homme l'étant venu trouver, lui avait appris l'arrivée de deux Etrangers, et déclaré le mauvais désir qu'ils avaient pour elle ; que sur le soir il était venu la prendre, et l'avait menée à l'hôtellerie, qu'ayant cherché ses compagnons, et les ayant trouvés, il l'avait fait entrer dans la maison, et lui avait dit qu'elle montât à la première chambre; que quand elle y était entrée l'Évêque avait demandé qui c'était, qu'il avait eu peur, et avait eu recours à la prière, et enfin que tout le monde était accouru en foule.