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The Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret (CCEL)
Chapter V. Of the reign of Valentinianus, and how he associated Valens his brother with him.
When the troops had become acquainted with the emperor’s sudden death, they wept for the departed prince as for a father, and made Valentinian emperor in his room. It was he who smote the officer of the temple 1 and was sent to the castle. He was distinguished not only for his courage, but also for prudence, temperance, justice, and great stature. He was of so kingly and magnanimous a character that, on an attempt being made by the army to appoint a colleague to share his throne, he uttered the well-known words which are universally repeated, “Before I was emperor, soldiers, it was yours to give me the reins of empire: now that I have taken them, it is mine, not yours, to take counsel for the state.” The troops were struck with admiration at what he said, and contentedly followed the guidance of his authority. Valentinian, however, sent for his brother from Pannonia, and shared the empire with him. Would that he had never done so! To Valens, 2 who had not yet accepted unsound doctrines, was committed the charge of Asia and of Egypt, while Valentinian allotted Europe to himself. He journeyed to the Western provinces, and beginning with a proclamation of true religion, instructed them in all righteousness. When the Arian Auxentius, bishop of Milan, who was condemned in several councils, departed this life, 3 the emperor summoned the bishops and addressed them as follows: “Nurtured as you have been in holy writ, you know full well what should be the character of one dignified by the episcopate, and how he should rule his subjects aright, not only with his lip, but with his life; exhibit himself as an example of every kind of virtue, and make his conversation a witness of his teaching. Seat now upon your archiepiscopal throne a man of such character that we who rule the realm may honestly bow our heads before him and welcome his reproofs,—for, in that we are men, it needs must be that we sometimes stumble,—as a physician’s healing treatment.”
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Vide page 101. “Valentinian belongs to the better class of Emperors. He was a soldier like Jovian, and held the same rank at his election. He was a decided Christian like Jovian, and, like him, free from the stain of persecution. Jovian’s rough good humour was replaced in Valentinian by a violent and sometimes cruel temper, but he had a sense of duty, and was free from Jovian’s vices.” Gwatkin, Arian Cont. 121. ↩
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“Valens was timid, suspicious, and slow, yet not ungentle in private life. He was as uncultivated as his brother, but not inferior to him in scrupulous care for his subjects. He preferred remitting taxation to fighting at the head of the legions. In both wars he is entitled to head the series of financial rather than unwarlike sovereigns whose cautious policy brought the Eastern Empire safely through the great barbarian invasions of the fifth century.” Gwatkin, p. 121. ↩
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Vide note on page 81. ↩
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Histoire de l'Église
CHAPITRE XXI.
Expédition de Julien contre les Perses.
LES Perses ayant appris la mort de l'Empereur Constance, en étant devenus plus insolents qu'auparavant, et ayant fait irruption sur les terres des Romains, Julien se résolut de lever contre eux une armée, bien qu'elle ne dût pas avoir Dieu pour protecteur. Il envoya auparavant consulter les Oracles de Delphes, de Délos, et de Dodone, et leur demander s'il devait entreprendre cette guerre. Les oracles répondirent qu'il la devait entreprendre, et qu'ils lui promettaient la victoire. Je rapporterai ici les propres paroles d'un de ces Oracles, pour en faire voir sa fausseté à tout le monde.
« Tous tant ce que nous sommes de Dieux, nous sommes prêts de porter les trophées de la victoire le long du fleuve ce qui a le nom d'une bête. Moi qui suis le fier Mars, ce et qui préside aux armes, j'aurai soin de mener les autres. »
Ceux qui appellent Apollon le Dieu de l'éloquence, et le Maître des Muses peuvent rire avec raison de l'impertinence de cet Oracle. Pour moi quand je reconnais son imposture, j'ai pitié de celui qui en fut trompé. Au reste il entendait le. 200 Tigre par le fleuve qui a le nom d'une bête. Il tire sa source des montagnes d'Arménie, coule par l'Assyrie, et se décharge dans le Golfe Persique.
Ce misérable Empereur trompé par ces Oracles, se promettait la victoire, et méditait de persécuter ensuite les Galiléens ; car c'est ainsi qu'il appelait les Chrétiens comme par injure, sans considérer comme il devait faire, puisqu'il était Philosophe, que ce changement de nom ne pouvait blesser leur réputation. On n'aurait fait aucun tort véritable à Socrate quand on l'aurait appelé Critias ; ni à Pythagore, quand on l'aurait appelé Phalaris ; Nirée n'aurait rien perdu de sa bonne mine, quand on l'aurait appelé Thersite. Mais Julien ayant oublié toutes ces choses, qu'on lui avait autrefois enseignées, crut qu'il nous offenserait sensiblement en nous donnant un autre nom que le nôtre. Il ajoutait une aveugle créance aux mensonges des Oracles, qu'il se vantait qu'il mettrait dans nos Eglises la statue de la Déesse de l'impureté