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The Confessions of St. Augustin In Thirteen Books

Chapter II.--In Public Spectacles He is Moved by an Empty Compassion. He is Attacked by a Troublesome Spiritual Disease.

2. Stage-plays also drew me away, full of representations of my miseries and of fuel to my fire. ¹ Why does man like to be made sad when viewing doleful and tragical scenes, which yet he himself would by no means suffer? And yet he wishes, as a spectator, to experience from them a sense of grief, and in this very grief his pleasure consists. What is this but wretched insanity? For a man is more affected with these actions, the less free he is from such affections. Howsoever, when he suffers in his own person, it is the custom to style it "misery" but when he compassionates others, then it is styled "mercy." ² But what kind of mercy is it that arises from fictitious and scenic passions? The hearer is not expected to relieve, but merely invited to grieve; and the more he grieves, the more he applauds the actor of these fictions. And if the misfortunes of the characters (whether of olden times or merely imaginary) be so represented as not to touch the feelings of the spectator, he goes away disgusted and censorious; but if his feelings be touched, he sits it out attentively, and sheds tears of joy.

3. Are sorrows, then, also loved? Surely all men desire to rejoice? Or, as man wishes to be miserable, is he, nevertheless, glad to be merciful, which, because it cannot exist without passion, for this cause alone are passions loved? This also is from that vein of friendship. But whither does it go? Whither does it flow? Wherefore runs it into that torrent of pitch, ³ seething forth those huge tides of loathsome lusts into which it is changed and transformed, being of its own will cast away and corrupted from its celestial clearness? Shall, then, mercy be repudiated? By no means. Let us, therefore, love sorrows sometimes. But beware of uncleanness, O my soul, under the protection of my God, the God of our fathers, who is to be praised and exalted above all for ever, ⁴ beware of uncleanness. For I have not now ceased to have compassion; but then in the theatres I sympathized with lovers when they sinfully enjoyed one another, although this was done fictitiously in the play. And when they lost one another, I grieved with them, as if pitying them, and yet had delight in both. But now-a-days I feel much more pity for him that delighteth in his wickedness, than for him who is counted as enduring hardships by failing to obtain some pernicious pleasure, and the loss of some miserable felicity. This, surely, is the truer mercy, but grief hath no delight in it. For though he that condoles with the unhappy be approved for his office of charity, yet would he who had real compassion rather there were nothing for him to grieve about. For if goodwill be ill-willed (which it cannot), then can he who is truly and sincerely commiserating wish that there should be some unhappy ones, that he might commiserate them. Some grief may then be justified, none loved. For thus dost Thou, O Lord God, who lovest souls far more purely than do we, and art more incorruptibly compassionate, although Thou art wounded by no sorrow. "And who is sufficient for these things?" ⁵

4. But I, wretched one, then loved to grieve, and sought out what to grieve at, as when, in another man's misery, though reigned and counterfeited, that delivery of the actor best pleased me, and attracted me the most powerfully, which moved me to tears. What marvel was it that an unhappy sheep, straying from Thy flock, and impatient of Thy care, I became infected with a foul disease? And hence came my love of griefs--not such as should probe me too deeply, for I loved not to suffer such things as I loved to look upon, but such as, when hearing their fictions, should lightly affect the surface; upon which, like as with empoisoned nails, followed burning, swelling, putrefaction, and horrible corruption. Such was my life! But was it life, O my God?

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Confessiones (PL)

CAPUT II. Amavit spectacula tragica.

2. Rapiebant me spectacula theatrica, plena imaginibus miseriarum mearum, et fomitibus ignis mei. Quid est quod ibi homo vult dolere, cum spectat luctuosa atque tragica, quae tamen pati ipse nollet? Et tamen pati vult ex eis dolorem spectator, et dolor ipse est voluptas ejus. Quid est, nisi miserabilis insania? Nam eo magis eis movetur quisque, quo minus a talibus affectibus sanus est: quanquam cum ipse patitur, miseria; cum aliis compatitur, misericordia dici solet. Sed qualis tandem misericordia in rebus fictis et scenicis? Non enim ad subveniendum provocatur auditor; sed tantum ad dolendum invitatur: et actori carum imaginum amplius favet, cum amplius dolet. Et si calamitates illae hominum vel antiquae vel falsae sic agantur, ut qui spectat non doleat; abscedit inde fastidiens et reprehendens: si autem doleat, manet intentus, et gaudens lacrymatur.

[Col. 0684]

3. Ergo amantur et dolores? Certe omnis homo gaudere vult. An cum miserum neminem esse libeat, libet tamen esse misericordem; quod quia non sine dolore est, hac una causa amantur dolores? Et hoc de illa vena amicitiae est. Sed quo vadit? quo fluit? Utquid decurrit in torrentem picis bullientis aestus in manes tetrarum libidinum, in quos ipsa mutatur et vertitur per nutum proprium de coelesti serenitate detorta atque dejecta? Repudietur ergo misericordia? Nequaquam. Ergo amentur dolores aliquando. Sed cave immunditiam, anima mea, sub tutore Deo meo, Deo patrum nostrorum, et laudabili et superexaltato in omnia saecula ¹; cave immunditiam. Neque enim nunc non misereor; sed tunc in theatris congaudebam amantibus, cum sese fruebantur per flagitia, quamvis haec imaginarie gererent in ludo spectaculi. Cum autem sese amittebant, quasi misericors contristabar; et utrumque delectabat tamen. Nunc vero magis misereor gaudentem in flagitio, quam velut dura perpessum detrimento perniciosae voluptatis, et amissione miserae felicitatis. Haec certe verior misericordia; sed non in ea delectat dolor. Nam etsi approbatur officio charitatis qui dolet miserum; mallet tamen utique non esse quod doleret, qui germanitus misericors est. Si enim est malevola benevolentia, quod fieri non potest; potest et ille qui veraciter sinceriterque miseretur, cupere esse miseros ut misereatur. Nonnullus itaque dolor approbandus, nullus amandus est. Hoc enim tu, Domine Deus, qui animas amas, longe lateque purius quam nos, et incorruptibilius misereris, quod nullo dolore sauciaris. Et ad haec quis idoneus?

4. At ego tunc miser dolere amabam, et quaerebam ut esset quod dolerem, quando mihi in aerumna aliena, et falsa, et saltatoria, ea magis placebat actio histrionis, meque alliciebat vehementius, qua mihi lacrymae excutiebantur. Quid autem mirum cum infelix pecus aberrans a grege tuo, et impatiens custodiae tuae turpi scabie foedarer? Et inde erant dolorum amores, non quibus altius penetrarer; non enim amabam talia perpeti, qualia spectare; sed quibus auditis et fictis, tanquam in superficie raderer: quos tamen quasi ungues scalpentium fervidus tumor, et tabes, et sanies horrida consequebatur. Talis vita mea, numquid vita erat, Deus meus?