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La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE XIII

TOUS LES ANGES ONT ÉTÉ CRÉÉS DANS UN MÊME ÉTAT DE FÉLICITÉ, DE TELLE SORTE QUE CEUX QUI DEVAIENT DÉCHOIR IGNORAIENT LEUR CHUTE FUTURE, ET QUE LES BONS N’ONT EU LA PRESCIENCE DE LEUR PERSÉVÉRANCE QU’APRÈS LA CHUTE DES MAUVAIS.

Dès lors, il est aisé de Voir que l’union de deux choses constitue la béatitude, objet

légitime des désirs de tout être intelligent : premièrement, jouir sans trouble du bien immuable, qui est Dieu même; secondement, être pleinement assuré d’en jouir toujours. La foi nous apprend que les anges de lumière possèdent cette béatitude, et la raison nous fait conclure que les anges prévaricateurs ne la possédaient pas, même avant leur chute. Cependant on ne peut leur refuser quelque félicité, je veux dire une félicité sans prescience, s’ils ont vécu quelque temps avant leur péché¹. Semble-t-il trop dur de penser que, parmi les anges, les uns ont été créés dais l’ignorance de leur persévérance future ou de leur chute, tandis que les autres ont su de science certaine l’éternité de leur béatitude, et veut-on que tous aient été créés dans une égale félicité, y étant demeurés jusqu’au moment mi quelques-uns ont quitté volontairement la source de leur bonheur? mais il est certes beaucoup plus dur’ de croire que les bons anges soient encore, à cette heure, incertains de leur béatitude, et qu’ils ignorent sur eux-mêmes ce que nous avons pu, nous, en apprendre par le témoignage des saintes Ecritures. Car quel chrétien catholique ne sait qu’il ne se fera plus de démons d’aucun des bons anges, comme il ne se fera point de bons anges d’aucun des démons? En effet, la Vérité promet dans l’Evangile aux fidèles chrétiens, qu’ils seront semblables aux anges de Dieu², et elle dit en même temps qu’ils jouiront de la vie éternelle³. Or, si nous devons être un jour certains de ne jamais déchoir de la félicité immortelle, supposez que les anges ne le fussent pas, nous ne serions plus leurs égaux, nous serions leurs supérieurs. Mais la Vérité ne trompe jamais, et puisque nous devons être leurs égaux, il s’ensuit qu’ils sont certains de l’éternité de leur bonheur. Et comme d’ailleurs les autres anges n’en pouvaient pas être certains, il faut conclure ou que la félicité n’était pas pareille, ou que, si elle l’était, les bons n’ont été assurés de leur bonheur qu’après la chute des autres. Mais, dira-t-on peut-être, est-ce que cette parole de Notre-Seigneur dans l’Evangile touchant le diable « Qu’il était homicide dès le commencement et qu’il n’est point demeuré dans la vérité»,⁴ ne doit pas s’entendre du commencement de la création? et à ce compte, le diable n’aurait jamais été heureux avec les saints anges, parce que, dès le moment de sa création, il aurait refusé de se soumettre à son Créateur, et c’est aussi dans ce sens qu’il faudrait entendre le mot de l’apôtre saint Jean : « Le diable pèche dès le commencement⁵», c’est-à-dire que, dès l’instant de sa création, il aurait rejeté la justice, qu’on ne peut conserver, si l’on ne soumet sa volonté à celle de Dieu. En tout cas, ce sentiment est bien éloigné de l’hérésie des Manichéens et autres fléaux de la vérité, qui prétendent que le diable possède en propre- une nature mauvaise qu’il a reçue d’un principe contraire à Dieu⁶ : esprits extravagants, qui ne prennent pas garde que dans cet Evangile dont ils admettent l’autorité aussi bien que nous, Notre-Seigneur ne dit pas : Le diable a été étranger à la vérité, mais: Il n’est point demeuré dans la vérité, ce qui veut dire qu’il est déchu, et certes, s’il y était demeuré, il en participerait encore et serait bienheureux avec les saints anges.

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The City of God

Chapter 13.--Whether All the Angels Were So Created in One Common State of Felicity, that Those Who Fell Were Not Aware that They Would Fall, and that Those Who Stood Received Assurance of Their Own Perseverance After the Ruin of the Fallen.

From all this, it will readily occur to any one that the blessedness which an intelligent being desires as its legitimate object results from a combination of these two things, namely, that it uninterruptedly enjoy the unchangeable good, which is God; and that it be delivered from all dubiety, and know certainly that it shall eternally abide in the same enjoyment. That it is so with the angels of light we piously believe; but that the fallen angels, who by their own default lost that light, did not enjoy this blessedness even before they sinned, reason bids us conclude. Yet if their life was of any duration before they fell, we must allow them a blessedness of some kind, though not that which is accompanied with foresight. Or, if it seems hard to believe that, when the angels were created, some were created in ignorance either of their perseverance or their fall, while others were most certainly assured of the eternity of their felicity,--if it is hard to believe that they were not all from the beginning on an equal footing, until these who are now evil did of their own will fall away from the light of goodness, certainly it is much harder to believe that the holy angels are now uncertain of their eternal blessedness, and do not know regarding themselves as much as we have been able to gather regarding them from the Holy Scriptures. For what catholic Christian does not know that no new devil will ever arise among the good angels, as he knows that this present devil will never again return into the fellowship of the good? For the truth in the gospel promises to the saints and the faithful that they will be equal to the angels of God; and it is also promised them that they will "go away into life eternal." ¹ But if we are certain that we shall never lapse from eternal felicity, while they are not certain, then we shall not be their equals, but their superiors. But as the truth never deceives, and as we shall be their equals, they must be certain of their blessedness. And because the evil angels could not be certain of that, since their blessedness was destined to come to an end, it follows either that the angels were unequal, or that, if equal, the good angels were assured of the eternity of their blessedness after the perdition of the others; unless, possibly, some one may say that the words of the Lord about the devil "He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth," ² are to be understood as if he was not only a murderer from the beginning of the human race, when man, whom he could kill by his deceit, was made, but also that he did not abide in the truth from the time of his own creation, and was accordingly never blessed with the holy angels, but refused to submit to his Creator, and proudly exulted as if in a private lordship of his own, and was thus deceived and deceiving. For the dominion of the Almighty cannot be eluded; and he who will not piously submit himself to things as they are, proudly feigns, and mocks himself with a state of things that does not exist; so that what the blessed Apostle John says thus becomes intelligible: "The devil sinneth from the beginning," ³ --that is, from the time he was created he refused righteousness, which none but a will piously subject to God can enjoy. Whoever adopts this opinion at least disagrees with those heretics the Manichees, and with any other pestilential sect that may suppose that the devil has derived from some adverse evil principle a nature proper to himself. These persons are so befooled by error, that, although they acknowledge with ourselves the authority of the gospels, they do not notice that the Lord did not say, "The devil was naturally a stranger to the truth," but "The devil abode not in the truth," by which He meant us to understand that he had fallen from the truth, in which, if he had abode, he would have become a partaker of it, and have remained in blessedness along with the holy angels. ⁴