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Works Lactantius (250-325) Divinae Institutiones

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Institutions Divines

VII.

Quelqu'un demandera peut-être en cet endroit le nom de ce fils, si puissant et si chéri de Dieu, qui non seulement est avant le monde, mais qui l'a créé par sa force infinie, et en a rangé les parties en ordre par sa sagesse. La première leçon que nous devons apprendre à cet égard, est que son nom n'est connu que de lui et de Dieu son père, et qu'il ne l'est point des anges qui sont dans le ciel, et qu'il ne sera point déclaré, selon que l'Écriture le témoigne, que les desseins de Dieu n'aient été entièrement accomplis. Trismégiste assure que ce nom-là ne peut être prononcé par la bouche d'un homme ; voici ses paroles :

« La volonté de ce bien divin est le principe de ce principe; c'est elle qui a produit un Dieu dont le nom ne peut être prononcé par la bouche d'un homme. »

Et, un peu après, il ajoute ce qui suit :

« On ne saurait expliquer, ô mon fils ! la sagesse de Dieu ; son nom est au-dessus de toutes les paroles des hommes, » Mais quoique le nom que le père lui a donné dès le commencement ne soit point connu, il en a néanmoins un autre parmi les anges, et un autre parmi les hommes. Il a parmi les hommes le nom de Jésus ; celui de Christ n'est pas un nom propre, c'est une marque de puissance et de royauté, et c'est ainsi que les Juifs appellent leurs rois. Je crois devoir l'expliquer, à cause de ceux qui le corrompent par ignorance, et qui, en changeant une lettre, disent Chrest au lieu de Christ. Les Juifs avaient reçu ordre de faire un baume pour sacrer ceux qui étaient élevés à la dignité soit sacerdotale, soit royale. Ce sacre était autrefois parmi eux âne marque de la souveraine puissance, comme la pourpre en est une aujourd'hui parmi les Romains. Les anciens Grecs se servaient du verbe χρίεσθαι, pour signifier l'onction du sacre, comme leurs descendants se sont servis depuis de celui d'ἀλείφεοσθαι. Homère en rend témoignage, en exprimant dans ses poésies la manière dont cette cérémonie s'observait. C'est pour cela que nous appelons le Fils de Dieu Christ, c'est-à-dire oint, et en hébreu Messie. On trouve ἠλείμμενος dans quelques livres grecs mal traduits de l'hébreu. De quelque mot que l'on se serve, il est certain que l'on ne désigne point qu'il soit roi de la terre, parce que le temps de prendre possession de ce royaume-là n'est pas encore arrivé ; mais on marque qu'il est roi d'un royaume céleste et éternel, dont je parlerai dans le dernier livre de cet ouvrage. Maintenant je dirai quelque chose de sa première naissance.

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The Divine Institutes

Chap. VII.--Of the Name of Son, and Whence He is Called Jesus and Christ.

Some one may perhaps ask who this is who is so powerful, so beloved by God, and what name He has, who was not only begotten at first before the world, 1 but who also arranged it by His wisdom and constructed it by His might. First of all, it is befitting that we should know that His name is not known even to the angels who dwell in heaven, but to Himself only, and to God the Father; nor will that name be published, as the sacred writings relate, before that the purpose of God shall be fulfilled. In the next place, we must know that this name cannot be uttered by the mouth of man, as Hermes teaches, saying these things: "Now the cause of this cause is the will of the divine good which produced God, whose name cannot be uttered by the mouth of man." And shortly afterwards to His Son: "There is, O Son, a secret word of wisdom, holy respecting the only Lord of all things, and the God first perceived 2 by the mind, to speak of whom is beyond the power of man." But although His name, which the supreme Father gave Him from the beginning, is known to none but Himself, nevertheless He has one name among the angels, and another among men, since He is called Jesus 3 among men: for Christ is not a proper name, but a title of power and dominion; for by this the Jews were accustomed to call their kings. But the meaning of this name must be set forth, on account of the error of the ignorant, who by the change of a letter are accustomed to call Him Chrestus. 4 The Jews had before been directed to compose a sacred oil, with which those who were called to the priesthood 5 or to the kingdom might be anointed. And as now the robe of purple 6 is a sign of the assumption of royal dignity among the Romans, so with them the anointing with the holy oil conferred the title and power of king. But since the ancient Greeks used the word chri'esthai to express the art of anointing, which they now express by alei'phesthai, as the verse of Homer shows,

"But the attendants washed, and anointed 7 them with oil;"

on this account we call Him Christ, that is, the Anointed, who in Hebrew is called the Messias. Hence in some Greek writings, which are badly translated 8 from the Hebrew, the word eleimmenos 9 is found written, from the word aleiphesthai, 10 anointing. But, however, by either name a king is signified: not that He has obtained this earthly kingdom, the time for receiving which has not yet arrived, but that He sways a heavenly and eternal kingdom, concerning which we shall speak in the last book. But now let us speak of His first nativity.


  1. Literally, "whose first nativity not only preceded the world." He speaks of the eternal generation of the Son, as distinguished from His incarnation, which he afterwards speaks of as His second nativity. [See vol. vi. [^47]p. 7.] ↩

  2. Or, perceiving. ↩

  3. Jesus, that is, [Joshua = ] Saviour. ↩

  4. Suetonius speaks of Christ as Chrestus. The Christians also were called Chrestians, as Tertullian shows in his Apology. The word chresto's has the signification of kind, gentle, good. [Vol. i. [^48]p. 163.] ↩

  5. Each has reference to Christ, as He is King and Priest. Of the anointing of kings, see 1 Sam., and of priests, Lev. viii. [Of prophets, 1 Kings xix. 16.] The priesthood of Christ is most fully set forth in the Epistle to the Hebrews. ↩

  6. Thus Horatius, Carm., i. 35, "Purpurei metuunt tyranni;" and Gray, Ode to Adversity, "Purple tyrants vainly groan." ↩

  7. chrisan. ↩

  8. Interpretatae sunt, used here in a passive sense. ↩

  9. eleimme'nos. ↩

  10. alei'phesthai. ↩

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Faculty of Theology, Patristics and History of the Early Church
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