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Histoire ecclésiastique
CHAPITRE VII : L'ABOMINABLE ERREUR DES HERETIQUES, LA VISION DIVINE DE DENYS, ET QUEL CANON ECCLESIASTIQUE IL RECUT
[1] Dans la troisième des lettres Sur le Baptême que le même Denys écrivit à Philémon, prêtre de Rome, il ajoute encore ceci : « Moi aussi, j'ai vécu dans les doctrines et les traditions des hérétiques, je me suis, pendant quelque temps, souillé l'âme a leurs inventions impures; du moins j'ai rapporté d'auprès d'eux cet avantage de les confondre en moi-même et d'en avoir un dégoût bien plus grand.2 [2] Un frère qui était du nombre des prêtres m'en détournait ; il avait peur que je fusse sali par le bourbier de leur méchanceté, car mon âme devait en être gâtée ; et je sentais qu'il disait vrai. [3] Une vision envoyée par Dieu survint qui me fortifia, et une parole se fit entendre à moi qui me donna un ordre et dit en termes exprès : « Prends tout ce qui te tombera sous la main, car tu es capable de redresser et d'examiner chaque chose, et pour toi, cela a été dès le commencement la cause de la foi. » 307 J'ai reçu celle vision comme concordant avec la parole apostolique qui disait aux plus puissants : « Devenez des changeurs avisés. »3
[4] Puis après avoir dit quelque chose de toutes les hérésies, il ajoute ces paroles: «J'ai reçu cette règle et cet exemple typique de notre bienheureux pape Héraclas. Ceux en effet qui venaient des hérésies, s'ils s'étaient séparés de l'Eglise ou même s'ils ne l'avaient pas quittée, mais semblaient avoir été avec les hérétiques et s'être souillés dans la fréquentation de quelqu'un de ceux qui enseignaient l'hétérodoxie, il les chassait de l'Eglise, et il ne les recevait pas, quand ils le demandaient, tant qu'ils n'avaient pas exposé publiquement tout ce qu'ils avaient entendu de la part des opposants. Alors il les admettait aux assemblées sans exiger d'eux un nouveau baptême : ils avaient en effet reçu autrefois de lui le saint [don]. »4
[5] Après avoir largement discuté à nouveau celte question, il ajoute ceci : «J'ai appris aussi que ce n'est pas actuellement et seulement par ceux d'Afrique que cela a été introduit, mais qu'on avait décrété cela depuis longtemps, sous les évêques qui ont existé avant nous, dans les églises très populeuses, dans les réunions des frères, à Iconium, à Synnade et en beaucoup d'endroits. Je n'ose pas bouleverser leurs délibérations et les pousser à la discorde et à la rivalité, car « tu ne déplaceras pas, dit-on, !es bornes de ton voisin que tes pères ont établies».5
[6] Sa quatrième lettre Sur le Baptême fut écrite à Denys de Rome, qui était alors honoré du sacerdoce et qui peu après reçut la charge épiscopale de cette église ; 309 nous y pouvons reconnaître comment lui aussi était un homme instruit et admirable, au témoignage que lui rend Denys d'Alexandrie. Après autres choses rappelant ce qui concerne Novat, il lui écrit en ces termes :
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1-5 = FELTOE, p. 52, 6 -55, 6. ↩
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Philémon : voy. v,6. ↩
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Cf. Tolle, lege, dans AUG., Conf. VII, xii, 20; EUSEBE, H. Ε., IV, xv, 17; JEROME, Epist., xxii, 30. -- ἀποστολικῇ φωνῇ texte extracanonique, rentrant dans les Agrapha (RESCH p. 116). Le mot, sous une forme négative, se trouve dans la Table de Cébès et MAXIME DE Tyr, ii, 2. ↩
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πάπα : titre alors commun aux évêques. — ἀγίου : le saint don; voy. Μt.,νίι, 6; Lc, I, 35; Hêbr., ix, 1. ↩
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Ἀφρικῇ : la proconsulaire, dont Carthage était la métropole. Iconium était en Lycaonie, et Synnada en Phrygie. Voy. HEFELE, Hist. des conciles, nouv. tr. fr., I, 159 et 161, n. 2. - φησίν : absolument, introduit une citation de l'Écriture ; de même, inquit. en latin. C'est un cas particulier de l'emploi impersonnel du verbe qui désigne une fonction ; voy. KüHNER-GERTH Gr. Grammatik, § 352 b; 2e partie, t. I, p. 32. ↩
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The Church History of Eusebius
Chapter VII.--The Abominable Error of the Heretics; the Divine Vision of Dionysius; and the Ecclesiastical Canon which he received.
1. In the third epistle on baptism which this same Dionysius wrote to Philemon, 1 the Roman presbyter, he relates the following: "But I examined the works and traditions of the heretics, defiling my mind for a little time with their abominable opinions, but receiving this benefit from them, that I refuted them by myself, and detested them all the more.
2. And when a certain brother among the presbyters restrained me, fearing that I should be carried away with the filth of their wickedness (for it would defile my soul),--in which also, as I perceived, he spoke the truth,--a vision sent from God came and strengthened me.
3. And the word which came to me commanded me, saying distinctly, Read everything which thou canst take in hand, 2 for thou art able to correct and prove all; and this has been to thee from the beginning the cause of thy faith.' I received the vision as agreeing with the apostolic word, which says to them that are stronger, Be skillful money-changers.'" 3
4. Then after saying some things concerning all the heresies he adds: "I received this rule and ordinance from our blessed father, 4 Heraclas. 5 For those who came over from heresies, although they had apostatized from the Church,--or rather had not apostatized, but seemed to meet with them, yet were charged with resorting to some false teacher,--when he had expelled them from the Church he did not receive them back, though they entreated for it, until they had publicly reported all things which they had heard from their adversaries; but then he received them without requiring of them another baptism. 6 For they had formerly received the Holy Spirit from him."
5. Again, after treating the question thoroughly, he adds: "I have learned also that this 7 is not a novel practice introduced in Africa alone, but that even long ago in the times of the bishops before us this opinion has been adopted in the most populous churches, and in synods of the brethren in Iconium and Synnada, 8 and by many others. To overturn their counsels and throw them into strife and contention, I cannot endure. For it is said, 9 Thou shalt not remove thy neighbor's landmark, which thy fathers have set.'" 10
6. His fourth epistle on baptism 11 was written to Dionysius 12 of Rome, who was then a presbyter, but not long after received the episcopate of that church. It is evident from what is stated of him by Dionysius of Alexandria, that he also was a learned and admirable man. Among other things he writes to him as follows concerning Novatus:
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Of this Philemon we know no more than we can gather from this chapter. Upon Dionysius' position on the re-baptism of heretics, see above, chap. 2, note 4, and upon his other epistles on that subject, see chap. 5, note 6. ↩
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Dionysius, in following this vision, was but showing himself a genuine disciple of his master Origen, and exhibiting the true spirit of the earlier Alexandrian school. ↩
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hos apostolike phone suntrechon...ginesthe dokimoi trapezitai. This saying, sometimes in the brief form given here, sometimes as part of a longer sentence (e.g. in Clement of Alex. Strom. I. 28, ginesthe de dokimoi trapezitai, ta men apodokim?zontes, to de kalon katechontes), appears very frequently in the writings of the Fathers. In some cases it is cited (in connection with 1 Thess. v. 21, 22) on the authority of Paul (in the present case as an "apostolic word"), in other cases on the authority of "Scripture" (he graphe, or gegraptai, or theios logos), in still more cases as an utterance of Christ himself. There can be little doubt that Christ really did utter these words, and that the words used by Paul in 1 Thess. v. 21, 22, were likewise spoken by Christ in the same connection. We may, in fact, with considerable confidence recognize in these words part of a genuine extra-canonical saying of Christ, which was widely current in the early Church. We are to explain the words then not as so many have done, as merely based upon the words of Christ, reported in Matt. xxv. 12 sq., or upon the words of Paul already referred to, but as an actual utterance of the Master. Moreover, we may, since Resch's careful discussion of the whole subject of the Agrapha (or extra-canonical sayings of Christ), with considerable confidence assume that these words were handed down to post-apostolic times not in an apocryphal gospel, nor by mere oral tradition, but in the original Hebrew Matthew, of which Papias and many others tell us, and which is probably to be looked upon as a pre-canonical gospel, with the "Ur-Marcus" the main source of our present gospels of Matthew and Luke, and through the "Ur-Marcus" one of the sources of our present Gospel of Mark. Looked upon in this light these words quoted by Dionysius become of great interest to us. They (or a part of the same saying) are quoted more frequently by the Fathers than any other of the Agrapha (Resch, on p. 116 sq. gives 69 instances). Their interpretation, in connection with the words of Paul in 1 Thess. v. 21, 22, has been very satisfactorily discussed by Hänsel in the Studien und Kritiken, 1836, p. 170 sq. They undoubtedly mean that we are to test and to distinguish between the true and the false, the good and the bad, as a skillful money-changer distinguishes good and bad coins. For a full discussion of this utterance, and for an exhibition of the many other patristic passages in which it occurs, see the magnificent work of Alfred Resch, Agrapha: Aussercanonische Evangelienfragmente, in Gebhardt and Harnack's Texte und Untersuchungen, Bd. V. Heft 4, Leipzig, 1889; the most complete and satisfactory discussion of the whole subject of the Agrapha which we have. ↩
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p?pa. According to Suicer (Thesaurus) all bishops in the Occident as late as the fifth century were called Papae as a mark of honor and though the term by that time had begun to be used in a distinctive sense of the bishop of Rome, the older usage continued in parts of the West outside of Italy, until Gregory VII. (a.d. 1075) forbade the use of the name for any other than the pope. In the East the word was used for a long time as the especial title of the bishops of Alexandria and of Rome (see Suicer's Thesaurus and Gieseler's Church Hist. Harper's edition, I. p. 499). ↩
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On Heraclas, see Bk. VI. chap. 3, note 2. ↩
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Compare Cyprian's epistle to Quintus concerning the baptism of heretics (Ep. 70, al. 71). Cyprian there takes the position stated here, that those who have been baptized in the Church and have afterward gone over to heresy and then returned again to the Church are not to be re-baptized, but to be received with the laying on of hands only. This of course does not at all invalidate the position of Cyprian and the others who re-baptized heretics, for they baptized heretics not because they had been heretics, but because they had not received true baptism, nor indeed any baptism at all, which it was impossible, in their view, for a heretic to give. They therefore repudiated (as Cyprian does in the epistle referred to) the term re-baptism, denying that they re-baptized anybody. ↩
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Namely the re-baptism (or, as they would say, the baptism) of those who had received baptism only at the hands of heretics standing without the communion of the Church. ↩
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Iconium was the principal city of Lycaonia, and Synnada a city of Phrygia. The synod of Iconium referred to here is mentioned also by Firmilian in his epistle to Cyprian, §§7 and 19 (Cypriani Ep. 74, al. 75). From that epistle we learn that the synod was attended by bishops from Phrygia, Cilicia, Galatia, and other countries, and that heretical baptism was entirely rejected by it. Moreover, we learn that Firmilian himself was present at the synod, and that it was held a considerable time before the writing of his epistle. This leads us to place the synod between 230 (on Firmilian's dates, see above, Bk. VI. chap. 26, note 3) and 240 or 250. Since it took place a considerable time before Firmilian wrote, it can hardly have been held much later than 240. Of the synod of Synnada, we know nothing. It very likely took place about the same time. See Hefele's Conciliengesch. I. p. 107 sq. Dionysius was undoubtedly correct in appealing to ancient custom for the practice which he supported (see above, chap. 2, note 3). ↩
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phesi, i.e. "The Scripture saith." ↩
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Deut. xix. 14. ↩
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On Dionysius' other epistles on baptism, see above, chap. 5, note 6. ↩
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On Dionysius of Rome, see below, chap. 27, note 2. ↩