Traduction Masquer
The Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret (CCEL)

Chapter XXXVIII. Of the persecutions in Persia and of them that were martyred there.

At this time Isdigirdes, ¹ King of the Persians, began to wage war against the churches and the circumstances which caused him so to do were as follows. A certain bishop, Abdas by name, ² adorned with many virtues, was stirred with undue zeal and destroyed a Pyreum, Pyreum being the name given by the Persians to the temples of the fire which they regarded as their God. ³

On being informed of this by the Magi Isdigirdes sent for Abdas and first in moderate language complained of what had taken place and ordered him to rebuild the Pyreum.

This the bishop, in reply, positively refused to do, and thereupon the king threatened to destroy all the churches, and in the end carried out all his threats, for first he gave orders for the execution of that holy man and then commanded the destruction of the churches. Now I am of opinion that to destroy the Pyreum was wrong and inexpedient, for not even the divine Apostle, when he came to Athens and saw the city wholly given to idolatry, destroyed any one of the altars which the Athenians honoured, but convicted them of their ignorance by his arguments, and made manifest the truth. But the refusal to rebuild the fallen temple, and the determination to choose death rather than so do, I greatly praise and honour, and count to be a deed worthy of the martyr’s crown; for building a shrine in honour of the fire seems to me to be equivalent to adoring it.

From this beginning arose a tempest which stirred fierce and cruel waves against the nurslings of the true faith, and when thirty years had gone by the agitation still remained kept up by the Magi, as the sea is kept in commotion by the blasts of furious winds. Magi is the name given by the Persians to the worshippers of the sun and moon ⁴ but I have exposed their fabulous system in another treatise and have adduced solutions of their difficulties.

On the death of Isdigirdes, Vararanes, his son, inherited at once the kingdom and the war against the faith, and dying in his turn left them both together to his son. ⁵ To relate the various kinds of tortures and cruelties inflicted on the saints is no easy task. In some cases the hands were flayed, in others the back; of others they stripped the heads of skin from brow to beard; others were enveloped in split reeds with the cut part turned inwards and were surrounded with tight bandages from head to foot; then each of the reeds was dragged out by force, and, tearing away the adjacent portions of the skin, caused severe agony; pits were dug and carefully greased in which quantities of mice were put; then they let down the martyrs, bound hand and foot, so as not to be able to protect themselves from the animals, to be food for the mice, and the mice, under stress of hunger, little by little devoured the flesh of the victims, causing them long and terrible suffering. By others sufferings were endured even more terrible than these, invented by the enemy of humanity and the opponent of the truth, but the courage of the martyrs was unbroken, and they hastened unbidden in their eagerness to win that death which ushers men into indestructible life.

P. 158 Of these I will cite one or two to serve as examples of the courage of the rest. Among the noblest of the Persians was one called Hormisdas, by race an Achæmenid ⁶ and the son of a Prefect. On receiving information that he was a Christian the king summoned him and ordered him to abjure God his Saviour. He replied that the royal orders were neither right nor reasonable, “for he,” so he went on, “who is taught to find no difficulty in spurning and denying the God of all, will haply the more easily despise a king who is a man of mortal nature; and if, sir, he who denies thy sovereignty is deserving of the severest punishment, how much more terrible a chastisement is not due to him who denies the Creator of the world?” The king ought to have admired the wisdom of what was said, but, instead of this, he stripped the noble athlete of his wealth and rank, and ordered him to go clad in nothing save a loin cloth, and drive the camels of the army. After some days had gone by, as he looked out of his chamber, he saw the excellent man scorched by the rays of the sun, and covered with dust, and he bethought him of his father’s illustrious rank, and sent for him, and told him to put on a tunic of linen. Then thinking the toil he had suffered, and the kindness shewn him, had softened his heart, “Now at least,” said he “give over your opposition, and deny the carpenter’s son.” Full of holy zeal Hormisdas tore the tunic and flung it away saying, “If you think that this will make one give up the true faith, keep your present with your false belief.” When the king saw how bold he was he drove him naked from the palace.

One Suenes, who owned a thousand slaves, resisted the King, and refused to deny his master. The King therefore asked him which of his slaves was the vilest, and to this slave handed over the ownership of all the rest, and gave him Suenes to be his slave. He also gave him in marriage Suenes’ wife, supposing that thus he could bend the will of the champion of the truth. But he was disappointed, for he had built his house upon the rock. ⁷

The king also seized and imprisoned a deacon of the name of Benjamin. After two years there came an envoy from Rome, to treat of other matters, who, when he was informed of this imprisonment, petitioned the king to release the deacon. The king ordered Benjamin to promise that he would not attempt to teach the Christian religion to any of the Magi, and the envoy exhorted Benjamin to obey, but Benjamin, after he heard what the envoy had to say, replied, “It is impossible for me not to impart the light which I have received; for how great a penalty is due for the hiding of our talent is taught in the history of the holy gospels.” ⁸ Up to this time the King had not been informed of this refusal and ordered him to be set free. Benjamin continued as he was wont seeking to catch them that were held down by the darkness of ignorance, and bringing them to the light of knowledge. After a year information of his conduct was given to the king, and he was summoned and ordered to deny Him whom he worshipped. He then asked the king “What punishment should be assigned to one who should desert his allegiance and prefer another?” “Death and torture,” said the king. “How then” continued the wise deacon “should he be treated who abandons his Maker and Creator, makes a God of one of his fellow slaves, and offers to him the honour due to his Lord?” Then the king was moved with wrath, and had twenty reeds pointed, and driven into the nails of his hands and feet. When he saw that Benjamin took this torture for child’s play, he pointed another reed and drove it into his privy part and by working it up and down caused unspeakable agony. After this torture the impious and savage tyrant ordered him to be impaled upon a stout knotted staff, and so the noble sufferer gave up the ghost.

Innumerable other similar deeds of violence were committed by these impious men, but we must not be astonished that the Lord of all endures their savagery and impiety, for indeed before the reign of Constantine the Great all the Roman emperors wreaked their wrath on the friends of the truth, and Diocletian, on the day of the Saviour’s passion, destroyed the churches throughout the Roman Empire, but after nine years had gone by they rose again in bloom and beauty many times larger and more splendid than before, and he and his iniquity perished. ⁹

These wars and the victory of the church had been predicted by the Lord, and the event teaches us that war brings us more blessing than peace. Peace makes us deli P. 159 cate, easy and cowardly. War whets our courage and makes us despise this present world as passing away. But these are observations which we have often made in other writings.

Edition Masquer
ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΚΥΡΟΥ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΤΟΜΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ

καʹ.

Περὶ τῶν πανταχοῦ γῆς καταλυθέντων εἰδωλικῶν ναῶν.

Ὑπὸ τῶν συχνῶν πολέμων ἀναγκαζόμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰσφοράν τινα ξένην ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐπιτέθεικεν. Ἡ δὲ Ἀντιόχου πόλις τὸ καινὸν τέλος οὐκ ἤνεγκεν, ἀλλ' ὁρῶν ὁ δῆμος τοὺς εἰσπραττομένους κρεμαν νυμένους, ἄλλα τε ἔδρασεν ἃ ποιεῖν φιλεῖ ὄχλος πρόφασιν εἰς ἀταξίαν λαμβάνων, καὶ τὴν χαλκῆν εἰκόνα τῆς πανευφήμου Πλακίλλης (τοῦτο γὰρ ἦν ὄνομα τῇ βασιλίδι) κατήνεγκέ τε καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς πόλεως κατέσυρε μέρος. Ταῦτα πυθόμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ χαλεπήνας, ὥσπερ εἰκὸς ἦν, τά τε τῆς πόλεως ἀφείλετο προνόμια καὶ τῇ γειτονευούσῃ πόλει τὴν ἡγεμονίαν δέδωκε, ταύτῃ μάλιστα νομίζων ἀνιάσειν· ἐζηλοτύπει γὰρ ἡ Λαοδίκεια τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν ἄνωθεν. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ ἐμπρήσειν ἠπείλει καὶ καταλύσειν καὶ εἰς κώμην τὸ ἄστυ μετασκευ άσειν. Οἱ δέ γε ἄρχοντες καὶ ἀνεῖλόν τινας παρ' αὐτὸ συλλαβόντες τὸ τόλμημα, πρὶν γνῶναι τὸν βασιλέα τὴν τραγῳδίαν. Ταῦτα δὲ πάντα ὁ βασιλεὺς προσέταττε μέν, οὐκ ἐγίνετο δέ, τοῦ νόμου κωλύοντος ὃν Ἀμβρόσιος ὁ μέγας τεθῆναι παρῄνεσεν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἀφίκοντο οἱ τὰς ἀπειλὰς ἐκείνας κομίζοντες, Ἐλλέβηχός τε στρατηγὸς τηνικαῦτα ὢν καὶ Καισάριος τῶν βασιλείων ἡγούμενος (μάγιστρον δὲ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσι τὸν ταύτην ἔχοντα τὴν ἀρχήν), ἐνδέει μὲν ἦσαν ἅπαντες τὰς ἀπειλὰς πεφρικότες. Οἱ δὲ τὴν ὑπώρειαν οἰκοῦντες τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀθληταὶ (πολλοὶ δὲ ἦσαν τηνικαῦτα καὶ ἄριστοι) πολλὰς καὶ παραινέσεις καὶ παρακλήσεις τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἐκείνοις προσήνεγκαν. Μακεδόνιος δὲ ὁ θειότατος, οὐδὲν μὲν τῶν κατὰ τὸν βίον ἐπιστάμενος καὶ τῶν θείων δὲ λογίων πάμπαν ἄπειρος ὤν, ἐν δὲ ταῖς τῶν ὀρέων κορυφαῖς διαιτώμενος καὶ νύκτωρ καὶ μεθ' ἡμέραν τῷ σωτῆρι τῶν ὅλων καθαρὰς προσ φέρων εὐχάς, οὐ τοῦ βασιλέως καταπλαγεὶς τὴν ὀργὴν οὔτε μὴν τῶν ἀποσταλέντων τὴν ἐξουσίαν εἰς νοῦν λαβών, ἐν μέσῳ τῷ ἄστει τῆς χλανίδος θατέρου λαβόμενος ἀμφοτέρους ἐκ τῶν ἵππων καταβῆναι κελεύει. Οἱ δὲ μικρὸν γερόντιον εὐτελῆ ῥάκια περιβεβλημένον ἰδόντες, τὸ πρῶτον μὲν ἐχαλέπηναν· ἐπειδὴ δέ τινες τῶν ἡγουμένων τὴν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐδήλωσαν ἀρετήν, κατεπήδησάν τε ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων καὶ τῶν ἐκείνου γονάτων ἐπιλαβόμενοι συγγνώμην ἐζήτουν. Ὁ δὲ τῆς θείας σοφίας ἐμφορηθεὶς τοιοῖσδε πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐχρήσατο λόγοις·

" Εἴπατε, ὦ φίλοι ἄνδρες, τῷ βασιλεῖ· οὐ βασιλεὺς εἶ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄνθρωπος. Μὴ τοίνυν μόνην ὅρα τὴν βασιλείαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν φύσιν λογίζου· ἄνθρωπος γὰρ ὢν ὁμοφυῶν βασιλεύεις· κατ' εἰκόνα δὲ θείαν καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων δεδημιούργηται φύσις. Μὴ τοίνυν ὠμῶς οὕτω καὶ ἀπηνῶς τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν εἰκόνα κατασφαγῆναι κελεύσῃς· παροξύνεις γὰρ τὸν δημιουργὸν τὴν ἐκείνου κολάζων εἰκόνα. Σκόπησον γὰρ ὡς καὶ σὺ χαλκῆς ἕνεκα δυσχεραίνων εἰκόνος ταῦτα ποιεῖς· ὅσον δὲ τῆς ἀψύχου διαφέρει ἡ ἔμψυχός τε καὶ ζῶσα καὶ λογική, δῆλον ἅπασι τοῖς γε νοῦν ἔχουσι. Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις λογισάσθω κἀκεῖνο, ὡς ἡμῖν μὲν ῥᾴδιον ἀντὶ τῆς μιᾶς εἰκό νος πολλὰς δημιουργῆσαι χαλκᾶς, αὐτῷ δὲ πάμπαν ἀδύνατον μίαν γοῦν τῶν ἀναιρεθέντων δημιουργῆσαι τρίχα."

Ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες οἱ θαυμαστοὶ ἄνδρες ἐκεῖνοι διεπόρθμευσαν τὰ εἰρημένα τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ τὴν τοῦ θυμοῦ κατέσβεσαν φλόγα. Καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν ἀπειλῶν ἐκείνων ἀπολογίαν ἔγραψε καὶ τῆς ὀργῆς τὴν αἰτίαν ἐδήλωσεν.

" Οὐκ ἔδει γάρ", ἔφη, "ἐμοῦ πλημμελήσαντος, γυ ναῖκα πάσης εὐφημίας ἀξιωτάτην τοσαύτην μετὰ τελευτὴν δέξασθαι παροινίαν, κατ' ἐμοῦ δὲ ἐχρῆν τὸν θυμὸν τοὺς ἀγανακτοῦντας ὁπλί σαι".

Προστέθεικε δὲ ὡς ἀλύει καὶ ἀνιᾶται, τινὰς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχόντων ἀνῃρῆσθαι μαθών. Ἐγὼ δὲ ταῦτα διεξῆλθον, καὶ τοῦ πανευφήμου μονάζοντος τὴν παρρησίαν οὐχ ἡγησάμενος δίκαιον παραδοῦναι λήθῃ καὶ τὸν νόμον ἐκεῖνον δεικνὺς ὀνησιφόρον, ὃν ὁ μέγας Ἀμβρόσιος γραφῆναι παρῄνεσεν.