Werke Eusebius von Caesarea (260-339) Historia Ecclesiastica

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Ἐκκλησιαστικὴ ἱστορία

Β Ὡς οἱ θεοφιλεῖς μάρτυρες τοὺς ἐν τῶι διωγμῶι διαπεπτωκότας ἐθεράπευον δεξιούμενοι.

[5.2.1] Τοιαῦτα καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὸν δεδηλωμένον αὐτοκράτορα ταῖς Χριστοῦ συμβέβηκεν ἐκκλησίαις, ἀφ' ὧν καὶ τὰ ἐν ταῖς λοιπαῖς ἐπαρχίαις ἐνηργημένα εἰκότι λογισμῶι στοχάζεσθαι πάρεστιν. ἄξιον τούτοις ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐπισυνάψαι γραφῆς λέξεις ἑτέρας, δι' ὧν τὸ ἐπιεικὲς καὶ φιλάνθρωπον τῶν δεδηλωμένων μαρτύρων ἀναγέγραπται τούτοις αὐτοῖς τοῖς ῥήμασιν· [5.2.2] «οἳ καὶ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ζηλωταὶ καὶ μιμηταὶ Χριστοῦ ἐγένοντο, ὃς ἐν μορφῆι θεοῦ ὑπάρχων οὐχ ἁρπαγμὸν ἡγήσατο τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῶι, ὥστε ἐν τοιαύτηι δόξηι ὑπάρχοντες καὶ οὐχ ἅπαξ οὐδὲ δὶς ἀλλὰ πολλάκις μαρτυρήσαντες καὶ ἐκ θηρίων αὖθις ἀναληφθέντες καὶ τὰ καυτήρια καὶ τοὺς μώλωπας καὶ τὰ τραύματα ἔχοντες περικείμενα, οὔτ' αὐτοὶ μάρτυρας ἑαυτοὺς ἀνεκήρυττον οὔτε μὴν ἡμῖν ἐπέτρεπον τούτωι τῶι ὀνόματι προσαγορεύειν αὐτούς, ἀλλ' εἴ ποτέ τις ἡμῶν δι' ἐπιστολῆς ἢ διὰ λόγου μάρτυρας αὐτοὺς προσεῖπεν, ἐπέπλησσον πικρῶς. [5.2.3] ἡδέως γὰρ παρεχώρουν τὴν τῆς μαρτυρίας προσηγορίαν τῶι Χριστῶι, τῶι πιστῶι καὶ ἀληθινῶι μάρτυρι καὶ πρωτοτόκωι τῶν νεκρῶν καὶ ἀρχηγῶι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ ἐπεμιμνήσκοντο τῶν ἐξεληλυθότων ἤδη μαρτύρων καὶ ἔλεγον· «ἐκεῖνοι ἤδη μάρτυρες, οὓς ἐν τῆι ὁμολογίαι Χριστὸς ἠξίωσεν ἀναληφθῆναι, ἐπισφραγισάμενος αὐτῶν διὰ τῆς ἐξόδου τὴν μαρτυρίαν, ἡμεῖς δὲ ὁμόλογοι μέτριοι καὶ ταπεινοί», καὶ μετὰ δακρύων παρεκάλουν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς δεόμενοι ἵνα ἐκτενεῖς εὐχαὶ γίνωνται πρὸς τὸ τελειωθῆναι αὐτούς. [5.2.4] καὶ τὴν μὲν δύναμιν τῆς μαρτυρίας ἔργωι ἐπεδείκνυντο πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἄγοντες πρὸς τὰ ἔθνη, καὶ τὴν εὐγένειαν διὰ τῆς ὑπομονῆς καὶ ἀφοβίας καὶ ἀτρομίας φανερὰν ἐποίουν, τὴν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς τῶν μαρτύρων προσηγορίαν παρηιτοῦντο, ἐμπεπλησμένοι φόβου θεοῦ». [5.2.5] καὶ αὖθις μετὰ βραχέα φασίν· «ἐταπείνουν ἑαυτοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα, ὑφ' ἧς ἱκανῶς νῦν εἰσιν ὑψωμένοι. τότε δὲ πᾶσι μὲν ἀπελογοῦντο, κατηγόρουν δὲ οὐδενός· ἔλυον ἅπαντας, ἐδέσμευον δὲ οὐδένα· καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν τὰ δεινὰ διατιθέντων ηὔχοντο, καθάπερ Στέφανος ὁ τέλειος μάρτυς· κύριε, μὴ στήσηις αὐτοῖς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ταύτην. εἰ δ' ὑπὲρ τῶν λιθαζόντων ἐδέετο, πόσωι μᾶλλον ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδελφῶν;» [5.2.6] καὶ αὖθίς φασι μεθ' ἕτερα· «οὗτος γὰρ καὶ μέγιστος αὐτοῖς πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ πόλεμος ἐγένετο διὰ τὸ γνήσιον τῆς ἀγάπης, ἵνα ἀποπνιχθεὶς ὁ θὴρ οὓς πρότερον ὤιετο καταπεπωκέναι, ζῶντας ἐξεμέσηι. οὐ γὰρ ἔλαβον καύχημα κατὰ τῶν πεπτωκότων, ἀλλ' ἐν οἷς ἐπλεόναζον αὐτοί, τοῦτο τοῖς ἐνδεεστέροις ἐπήρκουν μητρικὰ σπλάγχνα ἔχοντες, καὶ πολλὰ περὶ αὐτῶν ἐκχέοντες δάκρυα πρὸς τὸν πατέρα, ζωὴν ἠιτήσαντο, [5.2.7] καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς· ἣν καὶ συνεμερίσαντο τοῖς πλησίον, κατὰ πάντα νικηφόροι πρὸς θεὸν ἀπελθόντες. εἰρήνην ἀγαπήσαντες ἀεὶ καὶ εἰρήνην ἡμῖν παρεγγυήσαντες, μετ' εἰρήνης ἐχώρησαν πρὸς θεόν, μὴ καταλιπόντες πόνον τῆι μητρὶ μηδὲ στάσιν καὶ πόλεμον τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς ἀλλὰ χαρὰν καὶ εἰρήνην καὶ ὁμόνοιαν καὶ ἀγάπην». [5.2.8] ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν μακαρίων ἐκείνων πρὸς τοὺς παραπεπτωκότας τῶν ἀδελφῶν στοργῆς ὠφελίμως προκείσθω τῆς ἀπανθρώπου καὶ ἀνηλεοῦς ἕνεκα διαθέσεως τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα ἀφειδῶς τοῖς Χριστοῦ μέλεσιν προσενηνεγμένων.

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The Church History of Eusebius

Chapter II.--The Martyrs, beloved of God, kindly ministered unto those who fell in the Persecution.

1. Such things happened to the churches of Christ under the above-mentioned emperor, 1 from which we may reasonably conjecture the occurrences in the other provinces. It is proper to add other selections from the same letter, in which the moderation and compassion of these witnesses is recorded in the following words:

2. "They were also so zealous in their imitation of Christ,--who, being in the form of God, counted it not a prize to be on an equality with God,' 2 --that, though they had attained such honor, and had borne witness, not once or twice, but many times,--having been brought back to prison from the wild beasts, covered with burns and scars and wounds,--yet they did not proclaim themselves witnesses, nor did they suffer us to address them by this name. If any one of us, in letter or conversation, spoke of them as witnesses, they rebuked him sharply.

3. For they conceded cheerfully the appellation of Witness to Christ the faithful and true Witness,' 3 and firstborn of the dead,' 4 and prince of the life of God; 5 and they reminded us of the witnesses who had already departed, and said, They are already witnesses whom Christ has deemed worthy to be taken up in their confession, having sealed their testimony by their departure; but we are lowly and humble confessors.' 6 And they besought the brethren with tears that earnest prayers should be offered that they might be made perfect. 7

4. They showed in their deeds the power of testimony,' manifesting great boldness toward all the brethren, and they made plain their nobility through patience and fearlessness and courage, but they refused the title of Witnesses as distinguishing them from their brethren, 8 being filled with the fear of God."

5. A little further on they say: "They humbled themselves under the mighty hand, by which they are now greatly exalted. 9 They defended all, 10 but accused none. They absolved all, but bound none. 11 And they prayed for those who had inflicted cruelties upon them, even as Stephen, the perfect witness, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.' 12 But if he prayed for those who stoned him, how much more for the brethren!"

6. And again after mentioning other matters, they say:

"For, through the genuineness of their love, their greatest contest with him was that the Beast, being choked, might cast out alive those whom he supposed he had swallowed. For they did not boast over the fallen, but helped them in their need with those things in which they themselves abounded, having the compassion of a mother, and shedding many tears on their account before the Father.

7. They asked for life, and he gave it to them, and they shared it with their neighbors. Victorious over everything, they departed to God. Having always loved peace, and having commended peace to us 13 they went in peace to God, leaving no sorrow to their mother, nor division or strife to the brethren, but joy and peace and concord and love."

8. This record of the affection of those blessed ones toward the brethren that had fallen may be profitably added on account of the inhuman and unmerciful disposition of those who, after these events, acted unsparingly toward the members of Christ. 14

  1. Namely, Antoninus Verus (in reality Marcus Aurelius, but wrongly distinguished by Eusebius from him), mentioned above in the Introduction. Upon Eusebius' separation of Marcus Aurelius and Antoninus Verus, see below, p. 390, note. ↩

  2. Phil. ii. 6. ↩

  3. Rev. iii. 14. ↩

  4. Rev. i. 5. ↩

  5. archego tes zoes tou theou. Cf. Rev. iii. 14. ↩

  6. homologoi. The regular technical term for "confessor," which later came into general use, was homologetes ↩

  7. teleiothenai; i.e. be made perfect by martyrdom. For this use of teleioo, see below, Bk. VI. chap. 3, §13, and chap. 5, §1; also Bk. VII. chap. 15, §5, and see Suicer's Thesaurus, s.v. ↩

  8. pros tous adelphous. ↩

  9. Compare 1 Pet. v. 6. ↩

  10. pasi men apologounto. Rufinus translates placabant omnes; Musculus, omnibus rationem fidei suae reddebant; Valesius, omnium defensionem suscipiebant, though he maintains in a note that the rendering of Musculus, or the translation omnibus se excusabant, is more correct. It is true that pasi apologounto ought strictly to mean "apologized to all" rather than "for all," the latter being commonly expressed by the use of huper with the genitive (see the lexicons s.v. apologeomai). At the same time, though it may not be possible to produce any other examples of the use of the dative, instead of huper with the genitive, after apologeomai, it is clear from the context that it must be accepted in the present case. ↩

  11. The question of the readmission of the lapsed had not yet become a burning one. The conduct of the martyrs here in absolving (?luon) those who had shown weakness under persecution is similar to that which caused so much dispute in the Church during and after the persecution of Decius. See below, Bk. VI. chap. 43, note 1. ↩

  12. Acts vii. 60. ↩

  13. hemin, which is found in four important mss. and in Nicephorus, and is supported by Rufinus and adopted by Stephanus, Stroth, Burton, and Zimmermann. The majority of the mss., followed by all the other editors, including Heinichen, read aei. ↩

  14. Eusebius refers here to the Novatians, who were so severe in their treatment of the lapsed, and who in his day were spread very widely and formed an aggressive and compact organization (see below, Bk. VI. chap. 43, note 1). ↩

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