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Werke Tertullian (160-220) De anima

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A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.

Now the entire process of sowing, forming, and completing the human embryo in the womb is no doubt regulated by some power, which ministers herein to the will of God, whatever may be the method which it is appointed to employ. Even the superstition of Rome, by carefully attending to these points, imagined the goddess Alemona to nourish the foetus in the womb; as well as (the goddesses) Nona and Decima, called after the most critical months of gestation; and Partula, to manage and direct parturition; and Lucina, to bring the child to the birth and light of day. We, on our part, believe the angels to officiate herein for God. The embryo therefore becomes a human being in the womb from the moment that its form is completed. The law of Moses, indeed, punishes with due penalties the man who shall cause abortion, inasmuch as there exists already the rudiment of a human being, 1 which has imputed to it even now the condition of life and death, since it is already liable to the issues of both, although, by living still in the mother, it for the most part shares its own state with the mother. I must also say something about the period of the soul's birth, that I may omit nothing incidental in the whole process. A mature and regular birth takes place, as a general rule, at the commencement of the tenth month. They who theorize respecting numbers, honour the number ten as the parent of all the others, and as imparting perfection to the human nativity. For my own part, I prefer viewing this measure of time in reference to God, as if implying that the ten months rather initiated man into the ten commandments; so that the numerical estimate of the time needed to consummate our natural birth should correspond to the numerical classification of the rules of our regenerate life. But inasmuch as birth is also completed with the seventh month, I more readily recognize in this number than in the eighth the honour of a numerical agreement with the sabbatical period; so that the month in which God's image is sometimes produced in a human birth, shall in its number tally with the day on which God's creation was completed and hallowed. Human nativity has sometimes been allowed to be premature, and yet to occur in fit and perfect accordance with an hebdomad or sevenfold number, as an auspice of our resurrection, and rest, and kingdom. The ogdoad, or eightfold number, therefore, is not concerned in our formation; 2 for in the time it represents there will be no more marriage. 3 We have already demonstrated the conjunction of the body and the soul, from the concretion of their very seminations to the complete formation of the foetus. We now maintain their conjunction likewise from the birth onwards; in the first place, because they both grow together, only each in a different manner suited to the diversity of their nature--the flesh in magnitude, the soul in intelligence--the flesh in material condition, the soul in sensibility. We are, however, forbidden to suppose that the soul increases in substance, lest it should be said also to be capable of diminution in substance, and so its extinction even should be believed to be possible; but its inherent power, in which are contained all its natural peculiarities, as originally implanted in its being, is gradually developed along with the flesh, without impairing the germinal basis of the substance, which it received when breathed at first into man. Take a certain quantity of gold or of silver--a rough mass as yet: it has indeed a compact condition, and one that is more compressed at the moment than it will be; yet it contains within its contour what is throughout a mass of gold or of silver. When this mass is afterwards extended by beating it into leaf, it becomes larger than it was before by the elongation of the original mass, but not by any addition thereto, because it is extended in space, not increased in bulk; although in a way it is even increased when it is extended: for it may be increased in form, but not in state. Then, again, the sheen of the gold or the silver, which when the metal was any in block was inherent in it no doubt really, but yet only obscurely, shines out in developed lustre. Afterwards various modifications of shape accrue, according to the feasibility in the material which makes it yield to the manipulation of the artisan, who yet adds nothing to the condition of the mass but its configuration. In like manner, the growth and developments of the soul are to be estimated, not as enlarging its substance, but as calling forth its powers.


  1. Causa hominis. ↩

  2. The ogdoad, or number eight, mystically representing "heaven," where they do not marry. ↩

  3. Beyond the hebdomad comes the resurrection, on which see Matt. xxii. 30. ↩

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De l'âme

XXXVII.

Une puissance, ministre de la volonté divine, préside aux soins de semer l'homme dans l'utérus, de le former, de l'élaborer progressivement, quelles que soient les lois qu'elle ait mission d'exécuter. Frappée de ces |77 considérations, la superstition romaine inventa aussi une déesse Alémona, chargée de nourrir le fœtus dans le sein maternel; une Nona et une Décima, à cause des mois les plus difficiles; une Partula, pour gouverner l'accouchement; et enfin une Lucine, pour produire l'enfant à la lumière. Pour nous, nous confions à un ange ces fonctions divines. Le fétus est donc un homme dans le sein maternel aussitôt qu'il est complètement formé. La loi de Moïse, en effet, punit par le talion, quiconque est coupable d'avortement, puisque le principe qui fait l'homme existe, puisqu'il peut déjà vivre et mourir, puisqu'il est déjà soumis aux vicissitudes humaines, quoique vivant encore dans sa mère, il participe à tout ce qu'éprouve sa mère.

Je dirai aussi un mot de l'époque où l'âme naît, afin d'embrasser toute la question. La naissance régulière a lieu vers l'entrée du dixième mois. Ceux qui supputent les nombres honorent aussi la décade comme le nombre générateur de tous les autres, et complétant d'ailleurs la naissance humaine. Pour moi, j'aime mieux rapporter à Dieu la mesure de ce temps, afin que ces dix mois soient plutôt l'initiation de l'homme au décalogue, et que l'espace nécessaire à sa naissance soit égal au nombre des préceptes auxquels il devra sa renaissance. Mais puisque la naissance est achevée au septième mois, je lui accorderais plus volontiers qu'au huitième, l'honneur de rappeler le sabbat, de sorte que le mois où l'image de Dieu est produite à la lumière, correspond par intervalles au jour où se consomma la création divine. Il a été permis à la naissance de prendre les devants et de se rencontrer si exactement avec la semaine, comme un présage de résurrection, de repos et de royauté. Voilà pourquoi l'ogdoade1 ne nous engendre pas. « Alors en effet il n'y aura plus de mariage. »

Nous avons déjà établi l'union de l'âme et du corps à partir de l'indivisible mélange des semences elles-mêmes |78 jusqu'à l'ancienne formation du fétus: nous la maintenons encore en ce moment à dater de la naissance. D'abord, elles croissent ensemble, mais chacune à leur manière, selon la diversité de leur genre, la chair en volume, l'âme en intelligence; la chair en extérieur, l'âme en sentiment. D'ailleurs il n'est pas vrai que l'âme croisse en substance, de peur que l'on ne dise qu'elle décroît également en substance, et qu'on en conclue qu'elle s'éteint. Mais sa puissance intime, dans laquelle résident tous les trésors dont elle a été dotée à sa naissance, se développe par degrés avec la chair, tandis que la portion originaire de substance qu'elle a reçue avec le souffle divin ne change pas. Prenez une certaine quantité d'or ou d'argent, masse encore grossière. Sa forme resserrée, et moindre que sa forme future, contient toutefois dans les limites de ses dimensions tout ce qui est la nature de l'or. Ensuite, lorsque la masse est allongée en lame, elle devient plus grande qu'à son origine, par la dilatation d'un poids qui reste le même. mais non par son accroissement, en s'étendant, mais non en augmentant, quoiqu'il y ait accroissement pour elle, lorsqu'elle s'étend ainsi. En effet, elle peut croître en dimensions extérieures, quoique la substance soit immuable. Alors l'éclat de l'or et de l'argent, qui existait déjà dans le bloc, obscurci quoique réel, brille avec plus d'intensité: alors arrivent tantôt une modification, tantôt une autre, suivant la malléabilité de la matière, et d'après la volonté de celui qui la travaille; mais sans rien ajouter à sa mesure, que la forme. Il en est de même des accroissements de l'âme; ils n'atteignent point sa substance; ils la développent2.


  1. Nombre huit. Il représente, dans saint Clément d'Alexandrie, le ciel où les enfants du siècle ne se marient plus. Patria virginitatis paradisus, a dit saint Ambroise.  ↩

  2. Provocativa, dit le Commentaire, tanquam vocantia et educentia animam e caveâ in quâ sepulta est. ↩

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A Treatise on the Soul
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Inhaltsangabe
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

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