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La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE XXXV.

DE L’HYDROMANCIE¹ DONT LES DÉMONS SE SERVAIENT POUR TROMPER NUMA EN LUI MONTRANT DANS L’EAU LEURS IMAGES.

Comme aucun prophète de Dieu, ni aucun ange ne fut envoyé à Numa, il eut recours à l’hydromancie pour voir dans l’eau les images des dieux ou plutôt les prestiges des démons, et apprendre d’eux les institutions qu’il devait fonder. Varron dit que ce genre de divination a son origine chez les Perses, et que le roi Numa, et après lui le philosophe Pythagore, en ont fait usage. Il ajoute qu’on interroge aussi les enfers en répandant du sang, ce que les Grecs appellent nécromancie²; mais hydromancie et nécromancie ont ce point commun qu’on se sert des morts pour connaître l’avenir. Comment y réussit-on? cela regarde les experts en ces matières; pour moi, je ne veux pas soutenir que ces sortes de divinations fussent interdites par les lois chez tous les peuples et sous des peines rigoureuses, même avant l’avénement du Christ; je ne dis pas cela, car peut-être étaient-elles permises; je dis seulement que c’est par des pratiques de ce genre que Numa connut les mystères qu’il institua et dont il dissimula les causes, tant il avait peur lui-même de ce qu’il avait appris. Que vient donc faire ici Varron avec ses explications tirées de la physique? Si les livres de Numa n’en eussent renfermé que de cette espèce, on ne les eût pas brûlés, ou bien on eût brûlé également les livres de Varron, lesquels sont dédiés au souverain pontife César. La vérité est que le mariage prétendu de Numa Pompilius avec la nymphe Egérie vient de ce qu’il puisait de l’eau³ pour ses opérations d’hydromancie, ainsi que Varron lui-même le rapporte. Et voilà comme le mensonge fait une fable d’un fait réel. C’est donc par l’hydromancie que ce roi trop curieux fut initié, soit aux mystères qu’il consigna dans les livres des pontifes, soit aux causes de ces mystères dont il se réserva à lui le secret et qu’il fit pour ainsi dire mourir avec lui, en prenant soin de les ensevelir dans son tombeau. Il faut assurément, ou que ces livres continssent des choses assez abominables pour révolter ceux-là mêmes qui avaient déjà reçu des démons bien des rites honteux, ou qu’ils fissent connaître que toutes ces divinités prétendues n’étaient que des hommes morts dont le temps avait consacré le culte chez la plupart des peuples, à la grande joie des démons qui se faisaient adorer sous le nom de ces morts transformés en dieux. Qu’est-il arrivé? c’est que, par une secrète providence de Dieu, Numa s’étant fait l’ami des démons, grâce à l’hydromancie, ils lui ont tout révélé, sans toutefois l’avertir de brûler en mourant ses livres plutôt que de les enfouir. Ils n’ont pu même empêcher qu’ils n’aient été découverts par un laboureur, et que Varron n’ait fait passer jusqu’à nous cette aventure. Après tout, ils ne peuvent que ce que Dieu leur permet, et Dieu, par un conseil aussi profond qu’équitable, ne leur donne pouvoir que sur ceux qui méritent d’être tentés par leurs prestiges ou trompés par leurs illusions. Ce qui montre, au surplus, à quel point ces livres étaient dangereux et contraires au culte du Dieu véritable, c’est que le sénat passa par-dessus la crainte qui avait arrêté Numa et les fit brûler. Que ceux donc qui n’aspirent point, même en ce monde, à une vie pieuse, demandent la vie éternelle à de tels mystères ! mais pour ceux qui ne veulent point avoir de société avec les démons, qu’ils sachent bien que toutes ces superstitions n’ont rien qui leur puisse être redoutable, et qu’ils embrassent la religion vraie par qui les démons sont dévoilés et vaincus.

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The City of God

Chapter 35.--Concerning the Hydromancy Through Which Numa Was Befooled by Certain Images of Demons Seen in the Water.

For Numa himself also, to whom no prophet of God, no holy angel was sent, was driven to have recourse to hydromancy, that he might see the images of the gods in the water (or, rather, appearances whereby the demons made sport of him), and might learn from them what he ought to ordain and observe in the sacred rites. This kind of divination, says Varro, was introduced from the Persians, and was used by Numa himself, and at an after time by the philosopher Pythagoras. In this divination, he says, they also inquire at the inhabitants of the nether world, and make use of blood; and this the Greeks call nekromanteian. But whether it be called necromancy or hydromancy it is the same thing, for in either case the dead are supposed to foretell future things. But by what artifices these things are done, let themselves consider; for I am unwilling to say that these artifices were wont to be prohibited by the laws, and to be very severely punished even in the Gentile states, before the advent of our Saviour. I am unwilling, I say, to affirm this, for perhaps even such things were then allowed. However, it was by these arts that Pompilius learned those sacred rites which he gave forth as facts, whilst he concealed their causes; for even he himself was afraid of that which he had learned. The senate also caused the books in which those causes were recorded to be burned. What is it, then, to me, that Varro attempts to adduce all sorts of fanciful physical interpretations, which if these books had contained, they would certainly not have been burned? For otherwise the conscript fathers would also have burned those books which Varro published and dedicated to the high priest Caesar. ¹ Now Numa is said to have married the nymph Egeria, because (as Varro explains it in the forementioned book) he carried forth ² water wherewith to perform his hydromancy. Thus facts are wont to be converted into fables through false colorings. It was by that hydromancy, then, that that over-curious Roman king learned both the sacred rites which were to be written in the books of the priests, and also the causes of those rites,--which latter, however, he was unwilling that any one besides himself should know. Wherefore he made these causes, as it were, to die along with himself, taking care to have them written by themselves, and removed from the knowledge of men by being buried in the earth. Wherefore the things which are written in those books were either abominations of demons, so foul and noxious as to render that whole civil theology execrable even in the eyes of such men as those senators, who had accepted so many shameful things in the sacred rites themselves, or they were nothing else than the accounts of dead men, whom, through the lapse of ages, almost all the Gentile nations had come to believe to be immortal gods; whilst those same demons were delighted even with such rites, having presented themselves to receive worship under pretence of being those very dead men whom they had caused to be thought immortal gods by certain fallacious miracles, performed in order to establish that belief. But, by the hidden providence of the true God, these demons were permitted to confess these things to their friend Numa, having been gained by those arts through which necromancy could be performed, and yet were not constrained to admonish him rather at his death to burn than to bury the books in which they were written. But, in order that these books might be unknown, the demons could not resist the plough by which they were thrown up, or the pen of Varro, through which the things which were done in reference to this matter have come down even to our knowledge. For they are not able to effect anything which they are not allowed; but they are permitted to influence those whom God, in His deep and just judgment, according to their deserts, gives over either to be simply afflicted by them, or to be also subdued and deceived. But how pernicious these writings were judged to be, or how alien from the worship of the true Divinity, may be understood from the fact that the senate preferred to burn what Pompilius had hid, rather than to fear what he feared, so that he could not dare to do that. Wherefore let him who does not desire to live a pious life even now, seek eternal life by means of such rites. But let him who does not wish to have fellowship with malign demons have no fear for the noxious superstition wherewith they are worshipped, but let him recognize the true religion by which they are unmasked and vanquished.