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Kirchengeschichte (BKV)
9. Die Bischöfe Euphrates und Vincentius und der in Antiochien gegen sie unternommene Anschlag
Stephanus, der das Steuerruder der Kirche von Antiochien in Händen hielt und das Schiff dem Untergang entgegenführte, hatte bei seinen verwegenen und gewalttätigen Unternehmungen verschiedene Genossen, mit deren Hilfe er den Anhängern der wahren Lehre mannigfaches Leid zufügte. An der Spitze derselben stand ein gewisser junger Mensch, der einem frechen, übermütigen und zuchtlosen Treiben sich hingab und die Leute nicht nur mit Schimpf und Schande von den öffentlichen Plätzen wegführte, sondern selbst in die Häuser S. 114 eindrang und ohne alle Rücksicht Männer und Frauen von Rang und Ansehen gewaltsam hinwegschleppte. Um mich jedoch bei der Schlechtigkeit dieses Menschen nicht allzulange aufzuhalten, will ich nur erzählen, was er gegen die besten Männer zu unternehmen gewagt hat. Das wird genügen, um daraus erschließen zu können, welche Gewalttätigkeiten er sich gegen seine Mitbürger erlaubt haben wird.
Derselbe begab sich zu einer öffentlichen Dirne und sagte ihr, soeben seien Fremde gekommen, welche sie für die Nacht begehrten. Sodann nahm er fünfzehn seiner Genossen und verbarg sie in den Gesträuchen am Fuße des Berges. Hierauf brachte er das schlechte Frauenzimmer herbei, gab den Genossen seiner Freveltat das früher vereinbarte Zeichen, und nachdem er sich so ihrer Anwesenheit versichert hatte, trat er an die Hoftüre des Hauses, wo jene Männer eingekehrt waren. Diese fand er geöffnet, er hatte nämlich einen der Dienstboten mit Geld bestochen, daß er sie öffne, führte das Weib hinein, zeigte ihm die Türe des Gemaches, wo der eine Bischof schlief, und forderte es auf, dort einzutreten. Er selbst ging wieder hinaus, um seine Gefährten zu rufen. Zufällig schlief Euphrates, so hieß nämlich der ältere der beiden Bischöfe, in dem vorderen Teil des Hauses, während Vincentius, so hieß der andere Bischof, im inneren Gemache ruhte. Als nun die schlechte Frauensperson innerhalb der Türe war, vernahm Euphrates den Tritt ihrer Füße; und da es finster war, fragte er, wer da gehe. Als hierauf jene anfing zu sprechen, geriet Euphrates in die größte Bestürzung; denn er meinte, es sei ein böser Geist, der die Stimme eines Weibes nachahme. Sofort rief er Christus den Erlöser um seine Hilfe an. Inzwischen war Onagros, so hieß nämlich der Anführer der schlechten Schar, weil er mit Händen und Füßen gegen die Rechtgläubigen ankämpfte1, mit seiner Bande ebenfalls eingedrungen; er schmähte mit lauter Stimme als Gesetzesverächter diejenigen, welche hoffen konnten, Richter von Gesetzesübertretungen zu sein. Es entstand ein großer Lärm, S. 115 die Diener liefen zusammen, es erhob sich auch Vincentius. Man schloß die Türe des Hofes; so gelang es, sieben von der Bande zu ergreifen, während Onagros mit den anderen entfliehen konnte; doch wurde mit den ersteren auch das Weib gefangen genommen. Gegen Morgen weckten die Bischöfe den mit ihnen gekommenen General und begaben sich (mit demselben) zum Palast des Kaisers. Dort führten sie laute Klage über die Verwegenheit des Stephanus und erklärten, sein Verbrechen bedürfe weder einer gerichtlichen Verhandlung noch einer Untersuchung. Ganz besonders aber klagte der General, der an den Kaiser die dringende Bitte richtete, dieses unsittliche Attentat nicht auf einer Synode, sondern durch das weltliche Gericht aburteilen zu lassen. Er erklärte sich bereit, die Kleriker seiner Bischöfe zuerst foltern zu lassen, nur müßten dann auch die Diener des Stephanus derselben Pein unterzogen werden. Dieser aber widersetzte sich dem mit aller Entschiedenheit und behauptete, Kleriker dürften nicht gegeißelt werden. Da beschlossen der Kaiser und die Behörden, die Untersuchung der Angelegenheit drinnen im kaiserlichen Palast vornehmen zu lassen. Zuerst fragte man nun das Weib, wer sie zur Herberge der Bischöfe geführt habe. Sie erzählte, daß ein gewisser junger Mann zu ihr gekommen sei und ihr die Ankunft und den Wunsch der Fremden bekannt gegeben habe, daß derselbe am Abend wieder gekommen sei und sie zur Herberge geleitet habe, daß er dann seine im Versteck liegende Rotte aufgesucht und gefunden, durch die Hoftüre eingeführt und aufgefordert habe, in den vorderen Teil des Hauses einzutreten. Außerdem berichtete sie noch über die Frage des Bischofs, seine Bestürzung und sein Gebet und über den Angriff der eingedrungenen Bande.
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Onagros = ὂνος ἂγριος [onos agrios] der wilde Esel. ↩
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The Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret (CCEL)
Chapter XI. The evil and daring deeds done by Georgius in Alexandria.
1 Athanasius having thus escaped the bloodstained hands of his adversaries, Georgius, who was truly another wolf, was entrusted with authority over the flock. He treated the sheep with more cruelty than wolf, or bear, or leopard could have shewn. He compelled young women who had vowed perpetual virginity, not only to disown the communion of Athanasius, but also to anathematize the faith of the fathers. The agent in his cruelty was Sebastianus, an officer in command of troops. He ordered a fire to be kindled in the centre of the city, and placed the virgins, who were stripped naked, close to it, commanding them to deny the faith. Although they formed a most sorrowful and pitiable spectacle for believers as well as for unbelievers, they considered that all these dishonours conferred the highest honour on them; and they joyfully received the blows inflicted on them on account of their faith. All these facts shall be more clearly narrated by their own pastor.
“About Lent, Georgius returned from Cappadocia, and added to the evils which he had been taught by our enemies. After the Easter week virgins were cast into prison, bishops were bound and dragged away by the soldiers, the homes of widows and of orphans were pillaged, robbery and violence went on from house to house, and the Christians during the darkness of night were seized and torn away from their dwellings. Seals were fixed on many houses. The brothers of the clergy were in peril for their brothers’ sake. These cruelties were very atrocious, but still more so were those which were subsequently perpetrated. In the week following the holy festival of Pentecost, the people who were keeping a fast came out to the cemetery 2 to pray, because they all renounced any communion with Georgius. This vilest of men was informed of this circumstance, and he incited Sebastianus the military commander, a Manichean 3, to attack the people; and, accordingly, on the Lord’s day itself he rushed upon them with a large body of armed soldiers wielding naked swords, and bows, and arrows. He found but few Christians in the act of praying, for most of them had retired on account of the lateness of the hour. Then he did such deeds as might be expected from one who had lent his ears to such teachers. He ordered a large fire to be lighted, and the virgins to be brought close to it, and then tried to compel them to declare themselves of the Arian creed. When he perceived that they were conquering, and giving no heed to the fire, he ordered them to be stripped naked, and to be beaten until their faces for a long while were scarcely recognisable. He then seized forty men, and inflicted on them a new kind of torture. He ordered them to be scourged with branches of palm-trees, retaining their thorns; and by these their flesh was so lacerated that some because of the thorns fixed fast in them had again and again to put themselves under the surgeon’s hand; others were not able to bear the agony and died. All who survived, and also the virgins, were then banished to the Greater Oasis. They even refused to give up the bodies of the dead to their kinsfolk for burial, but flung them away unburied, and hid them just as they pleased, in order that it might appear that they had nothing to do with these cruel transactions, and were ignorant of them. But they were deceived in this foolish expectation: for the friends of the slain, while they rejoiced at the faithfulness of the deceased, deeply lamented the loss of the corpses, and spread abroad a full account of the cruelty that had been perpetrated.
“The following bishops were banished from Egypt and from Libya:—Ammonius, Muïus, Caius, Philo, Hermes, Plenius, Psinosiris, Nilammon, Agapius, Anagamphus, Marcus, Dracontius, Adelphius, another Ammonius, another Marcus, and Athenodorus; and also P. 76 the presbyters Hierax and Dioscorus 4. These were all driven into exile in so cruel a manner that many died on the road, and others at the place of their banishment. The persecutors caused the death 5 of more than thirty bishops. For, like Ahab, their mind was set on rooting out the truth, had it been possible 6.”
Athanasius also, in a letter addressed to the virgins 7 who were treated with so much barbarity, uses the following words: “Let none of you be grieved although these impious heretics grudge you burial and prevent your corpses being carried forth. The impiety of the Arians has reached such a height, that they block up the gates, and sit like so many demons around the tombs, in order to hinder the dead from being interred.”
These and many other similar atrocities were perpetrated by Georgius in Alexandria.
The holy Athanasius was well aware that there was no spot which could be considered a place of safety for him; for the emperor had promised a very large reward to whoever should bring him alive, or his head as a proof of his death.
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Georgius, a fraudulent contractor of Constantinople (Ath. Hist. Ar. 75), made Arian Bishop of Alexandria on the expulsion of Athanasius, in a.d. 356, was born in a fuller’s shop at Epiphania in Cilicia. (Amm. Marc. xxii. 11, 3.) He was known as “the Cappadocian,” and further illustrates the old saying of “ Καππάδοκες Κρήτες Κίλικες, τρία κάππα κάκιστα ,” and the kindred epigram Καππαδόκην ποτ᾽ ἔχιδνα κακὴ δάκεν· & 135·λλὰ καὶ αὐτή κάτθανε γευσαμένη αἵματος ἱοβόλου The crimes of the brutal “Antipope” (Prof. Bright in Dict. Christ. Biog. ) are many, but he was a book-collector. (Jul. Ep. ix. 36, cf. Gibbon 1. Chap. 23.) Gibbon says “the infamous George of Cappadocia has been transformed into the renowned St. George of England;” an identity sufficiently disproved. ↩
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κοιμητήριον , or sleeping-place. Cf. Chrysost. ed. Migne. ii. 394. ↩
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The earliest account of the system of Manes or Mani is to be found in Euseb. H.E. vii. 31. From the end of the * century it made rapid progress. ↩
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One Ammonius had been consecrated by Alexander, and was bishop of Pacnemunis (Ath. ad Drac. 210, and Hist. Ar. §72). Another was apparently consecrated by Athanasius ( Hist. Ar. §72). An Ammonius was banished to the Upper Oasis (id.). Caius was the orthodox bishop of Thmuis. Philo was banished to Babylon ( Hist. Ar. §72, cf. Jer. Vita Hilarionis 30). Muïus, Psinosiris, Nilammon, Plenius, Marcus (the sees of these two Marci were Zygra and Philæ), and Athenodorus, were relegated to the parts about the Libyan Ammon, nine days’ journey from Alexandria, only that they might perish on the road. One did die. ( Hist Ar. §72.) Adelphius was bishop of Onuphis in the Delta, and was sent to the Thebaid. ( Tom. ad Ant. 615.) Dracontius, to whom Athanasius addressed a letter, went to the deserts about Clysma (25 m. s.w. of Suez), and Hierax and Dioscorus to Syene (Assouan ( Hist. Ar.* §72), whither Trajan had banished Juvenal. ↩
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Some authorities read more mildly, “drove into exile.” ↩
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Ap. de fug. §7. Cf. Hist. Ar.* §72. ↩
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“Hæc Athanasii Epistola hodie quod sciam non extat.” Valesius. ↩