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To His Wife

Chapter II.--Of the Apostle's Meaning in 1 Cor. VII. 12-14.

Therefore, when in these days a certain woman removed her marriage from the pale of the Church, and united herself to a Gentile, and when I remembered that this had in days gone by been done by others: wondering at either their own waywardness or else the double-dealing ¹ of their advisers, in that there is no scripture which holds forth a licence of this deed,--"I wonder," said I, "whether they flatter themselves on the ground of that passage of the first (Epistle) to the Corinthians, where it is written: If any of the brethren has an unbelieving wife, and she consents to the matrimony, let him not dismiss her; similarly, let not a believing woman, married to an unbeliever, if she finds her husband agreeable (to their continued union), dismiss him: for the unbelieving husband is sanctified by the believing wife, and the unbelieving wife by the believing husband; else were your children unclean." ² It may be that, by understanding generally this monition regarding married believers, they think that licence is granted (thereby) to marry even unbelievers. God forbid that he who thus interprets (the passage) be wittingly ensnaring himself! But it is manifest that this scripture points to those believers who may have been found by the grace of God in (the state of) Gentile matrimony; according to the words themselves: "If," it says, "any believer has an unbelieving wife;" it does not say, "takes an unbelieving wife." It shows that it is the duty of one who, already living in marriage with an unbelieving woman, ³ has presently been by the grace of God converted, to continue with his wife; for this reason, to be sure, in order that no one, after attaining to faith, should think that he must turn away from a woman ⁴ who is now in some sense an "alien" and "stranger." ⁵ Accordingly he subjoins withal a reason, that "we are called in peace unto the Lord God;" and that "the unbeliever may, through the use of matrimony, be gained by the believer." ⁶ The very closing sentence of the period confirms (the supposition) that this is thus to be understood. "As each," it says, "is called by the Lord, so let him persevere." ⁷ But it is Gentiles who "are called," I take it, not believers. But if he had been pronouncing absolutely, (in the words under discussion,) touching the marriage of believers merely, (then) had he (virtually) given to saints a permission to marry promiscuously. If, however, he had given such a permission, he would never have subjoined a declaration so diverse from and contrary to his own permission, saying: "The woman, when her husband is dead, is free: let her marry whom she wishes, only in the Lord." ⁸ Here, at all events, there is no need for reconsidering; for what there might have been reconsideration about, the Spirit has oracularly declared. For fear we should make an ill use of what he says, "Let her marry whom she wishes," he has added, "only in the Lord," that is, in the name of the Lord, which is, undoubtedly, "to a Christian." That "Holy Spirit," ⁹ therefore, who prefers that widows and unmarried women should persevere in their integrity, who exhorts us to a copy ¹⁰ of himself, prescribes no other manner of repeating marriage except "in the Lord:" to this condition alone does he concede the foregoing ¹¹ of continence. "Only," he says, "in the Lord:" he has added to his law a weight--"only." Utter that word with what tone and manner you may, it is weighty: it both bids and advises; both enjoins and exhorts; both asks and threatens. It is a concise, ¹² brief sentence; and by its own very brevity, eloquent. Thus is the divine voice wont (to speak), that you may instantly understand, instantly observe. For who but could understand that the apostle foresaw many dangers and wounds to faith in marriages of this kind, which he prohibits? and that he took precaution, in the first place, against the defilement of holy flesh in Gentile flesh? At this point some one says, "What, then, is the difference between him who is chosen by the Lord to Himself in (the state of) Gentile marriage, and him who was of old (that is, before marriage) a believer, that they should not be equally cautious for their flesh?--whereas the one is kept from marriage with an unbeliever, the other bidden to continue in it. Why, if we are defiled by a Gentile, is not the one disjoined, just as the other is not bound?" I will answer, if the Spirit give (me ability); alleging, before all (other arguments), that the Lord holds it more pleasing that matrimony should not be contracted, than that it should at all be dissolved: in short, divorce He prohibits, except for the cause of fornication; but continence He commends. Let the one, therefore, have the necessity of continuing; the other, further, even the power of not marrying. Secondly, if, according to the Scripture, they who shall be "apprehended" ¹³ by the faith in (the state of) Gentile marriage are not defiled (thereby) for this reason, that, together with themselves, others ¹⁴ also are sanctified: without doubt, they who have been sanctified before marriage, if they commingle themselves with "strange flesh," ¹⁵ cannot sanctify that (flesh) in (union with) which they were not "apprehended." The grace of God, moreover, sanctifies that which it finds. Thus, what has not been able to be sanctified is unclean; what is unclean has no part with the holy, unless to defile and slay it by its own (nature).

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Ad uxorem

II

[1] Igitur cum quaedam istis diebus nuptias suas de ecclesia tolleret ac gentili coniungeretur idque ab aliis retro factum recordarer, miratus aut ipsarum petulantiam aut consiliariorum praeuaricationem, quod nulla scriptura eius facti licentiam profert, numquid, inquam, de illo capitulo sibi blandiuntur primae ad Corinthios, ubi scriptum est: Si quis fratrum infidelem habet uxorem et illa matrimonio consentit, ne dimittat eam; similiter mulier fidelis infideli nupta, si consentaneum maritum experitur, ne dimiserit eum; sanctificatur enim infidelis uir a fideli uxore et infidelis uxor a fideli marito; ceterum immundi essent filii uestri?

[2] Hanc monitionem fors de fidelibus iunctis simpliciter intellegendo putent etiam infidelibus nubere licere. Qui ita interpretatur, absit ut sciens se circumscribat. Ceterum manifestum est scripturam istam eos fideles designare, qui in matrimonio gentili inuenti a Dei gratia fuerint. Secundum uerba ipsa: Si quis, inquit, fidelis uxorem habet infidelem ---- non dicit: uxorem ducit infidelem ---- ostendit iam in matrimonio agentem mulieris infidelis, mox gratia Dei conuersum, perseuerare cum uxore debere, scilicet propterea, ne qui fidem consecutus putaret sibi diuertendum esse ab aliena iam et extranea quodammodo femina.

[3] Adeo et rationem subicit: in pace nos uocari a Domino et posse infidelem a fideli per usum matrimonii lucrifieri. Ipsa etiam clausula hoc ita intellegendum esse confirmat: Vt quisque, ait, uocatur a Domino, ita perseueret. Vocantur autem gentiles, opinor, non fideles. Quodsi de fideli ante matrimonium pronuntiasset, absolute permiserat sanctis uulgo nubere. Si uero permiserat, numquam tam diuersam atque contrariam permissui suo pronuntiationem subdidisset, dicens: Mulier defuncto uiro libera est; cui uult nubat, tantum in Domino.

[4] Hic certe nihil retractandum est. Nam de quo retractari potuisset, apostolus cecinit. Ne quod ait: cui uelit nubat, male uteremur, adiecit: tantum in Domino, id est in nomine Domini, quod est indubitate Christiano. Ille igitur apostolus sanctus, qui uiduas et innuptas integritati perseuerare mauult, qui nos ad exemplum sui hortatur, nullam aliam formam repetundarum nuptiarum nisi in Domino praescribit, huic soli condicioni continentiae detrimenta concedit. Tantum, inquit, in Domino: adiecit pondus legi suae.

[5] Tantum: quo sono et modo enuntiaueris dictum istud, onerosum est; et iubet et suadet et praecipit et hortatur et rogat et comminatur. Destricta et expedita sententia est et ipsa sui breuitate facunda.

[6] Sic solet diuina uox, ut statim intellegas, statim obserues. Quis enim non intellegere possit multa pericula et uulnera fidei in huiusmodi nuptiis, quas prohibet, apostolum prouidisse et primo quidem carnis sanctae in carne gentili inquinamentum praecauisse?

[7] Hoc loco dicet aliquis: quid ergo refert inter eum, qui in matrimonio gentili a Domino allegitur, et olim id est ante nuptias fidelem, ut non proinde carni suae caueant, cum alter a nuptiis infidelis arceatur, alter in eis perseuerare iubeatur? Cur, si a gentili inquinamur, non et ille diiungitur, quemadmodum iste non obligatur?

[8] Respondebo, si spiritus dederit, ante omnia allegans Dominum magis ratum habere matrimonium non contrahi quam omnino disiungi; denique diuortium prohibet, nisi stupri causa, continentiam uero commendat. Habet igitur ille perseuerandi necessitatem, hic porro etiam non nubendi potestatem.

[9] Tunc, si secundum scripturam qui in matrimonio gentili a fide deprehenduntur, propterea non inquinantur, quia cum ipsis alii quoque sanctificantur, sine dubio isti, qui ante nuptias sanctificati sunt, si extraneae carni commisceantur, sanctificare eam non possunt, in qua non sunt deprehensi. Dei autem gratia illud sanctificat quod inuenit. Ita quod sanctificari non potuit, immundum est; quod immundum est, cum sancto non habet partem, nisi ut de suo inquinet et occidat.