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De civitate Dei (CCSL)

Caput XV: Quod Adam peccaturus prius ipse reliquerit deum, quam relinqueretur a deo, et primam fuisse animae mortem a deo recessisse.

Quamobrem etiamsi in eo quod dictum est: morte moriemini, quoniam non est dictum: mortibus, eam solam intellegamus, quae fit cum anima deseritur sua uita, quod illi deus est - non enim deserta est ut desereret, sed ut desereretur deseruit; ad malum quippe eius prior est uoluntas eius; ad bonum uero eius prior est uoluntas creatoris eius; siue ut eam faceret, quae nulla erat, siue ut reficiat, quia lapsa perierat, - etiamsi ergo hanc intellegamus deum denuntiasse mortem in eo quod ait: qua die ederitis ex illo, morte moriemini, tamquam diceret: qua die me deserueritis per inoboedientiam, deseram uos per iustitiam, profecto in ea morte etiam ceterae denuntiatae sunt, quae procul dubio fuerant secuturae. nam in eo, quod inoboediens motus in carne animae inoboedientis exortus est, propter quem pudenda texerunt, sensa est mors una, in qua deseruit animam deus. ea significata est uerbis eius, quando timore dementi sese abscondenti homini dixit: Adam, ubi es? non utique ignorando quaerens, sed increpando admonens, ut adtenderet ubi esset, in quo deus non esset. cum uero corpus anima ipsa deseruit aetate corruptum et senectute confectum, uenit in experimentum mors altera, de qua deus peccatum adhuc puniens homini dixerat: terra es et in terram ibis; ut ex his duabus mors illa prima, quae totius est hominis, conpleretur, quam secunda in ultimo sequitur, nisi homo per gratiam liberetur. neque enim corpus, quod de terra est, rediret in terram nisi sua morte, quae illi accidit, cum deseritur sua uita, id est anima. unde constat inter Christianos ueraciter catholicam tenentes fidem etiam ipsam nobis corporis mortem non lege naturae, qua nullam mortem homini deus fecit, sed merito inflictam esse peccati, quoniam peccatum uindicans deus dixit homini, in quo tunc omnes eramus: terra es et in terram ibis.

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The City of God

Chapter 15.--That Adam in His Sin Forsook God Ere God Forsook Him, and that His Falling Away From God Was the First Death of the Soul.

It may perhaps be supposed that because God said, "Ye shall die the death," ¹ and not "deaths," we should understand only that death which occurs when the soul is deserted by God, who is its life; for it was not deserted by God, and so deserted Him, but deserted Him, and so was deserted by Him. For its own will was the originator of its evil, as God was the originator of its motions towards good, both in making it when it was not, and in remaking it when it had fallen and perished. But though we suppose that God meant only this death, and that the words, "In the day ye eat of it ye shall die the death," should be understood as meaning, "In the day ye desert me in disobedience, I will desert you in justice," yet assuredly in this death the other deaths also were threatened, which were its inevitable consequence. For in the first stirring of the disobedient motion which was felt in the flesh of the disobedient soul, and which caused our first parents to cover their shame, one death indeed is experienced, that, namely, which occurs when God forsakes the soul. (This was intimated by the words He uttered, when the man, stupefied by fear, had hid himself, "Adam, where art thou?" ² --words which He used not in ignorance of inquiry, but warning him to consider where he was, since God was not with him.) But when the soul itself forsook the body, corrupted and decayed with age, the other death was experienced of which God had spoken in pronouncing man's sentence, "Earth thou art, and unto earth shall thou return." ³ And of these two deaths that first death of the whole man is composed. And this first death is finally followed by the second, unless man be freed by grace. For the body would not return to the earth from which it was made, save only by the death proper to itself, which occurs when it is forsaken of the soul, its life. And therefore it is agreed among all Christians who truthfully hold the catholic faith, that we are subject to the death of the body, not by the law of nature, by which God ordained no death for man, but by His righteous infliction on account of sin; for God, taking vengeance on sin, said to the man, in whom we all then were, "Dust thou art, and unto dust shall thou return."