Übersetzung
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À une jeune veuve
4.
Mais peut-être pleurez-vous cette sécurité de l'avenir dont il vous était un gage certain, et même ces espérances d'honneurs et de for tune qui s'épanouissaient à vos regards; et en effet, je sais que la chaise curule des préfets lui était prochainement réservée. Or, rien de plus propre à calmer votre douleur que le souvenir de ces grands qui, après s'être élevés plus haut encore, ont- fini misérablement leurs jours. Je vous rappellerai spécialement le fameux Théodore de Sicile : doué de tous les avantages extérieurs , il possédait, plus que tout autre courtisan, l'oreille et le coeur du prince; mais, ébloui de son crédit et enivré de sa fortune, il conspira un jour contre son maître, et paya dé sa tête cette criminelle tentative. Son épouse, que rapprochait de vous l'éducation, la naissance et la noblesse, se vit elle-même dépouillée de tous ses biens, privée de sa liberté et réduite en servitude : confondue dans la foule des servantes , elle n'eut d'autre avantage sur ses compagnes que celui d'arracher quelques larmes à tous ceux qui, en la voyant, comprenaient toute l'étendue de son malheur.
On raconte aussi qu'Artémise, veuve d'un riche seigneur que perdit son ambition, tomba dans l'indigence et fut même privée de la vue. Elle devint aveugle par l'excès de sa douleur et l'abondance de ses larmes, en sorte que, guidée par une main étrangère, elle allait de porte en porte mendier un morceau de pain. Je pourrais multiplier ces exemples de familles ruinées et de fortunes renversées, si je ne savais que votre coeur est trop noble et trop généreux pour chercher sa consolation dans le malheur de vos semblables ; je ne vous ai cité ces deux traits qu'afro de vous mieux faire comprendre le néant des grandeurs humaines. Ah ! combien le Prophète a-t-il raison de s'écrier : Toute la gloire de l'homme ressemblé ci la fleur des champs ! (Is. XL, 6.) Plus on s'élève en éclat et en dignité, et plus la chute est profonde et terrible, et cette maxime est vraie,. non-seulement des dignitaires d'un empire, mais encore des empereurs eux-mêmes: Nos demeures privées ne nous présentent point; comme le palais des rois, une triste accumulation de crimes et de malheurs. C'est là que les enfants deviennent orphelins dès le berceau, et les épouses veuves à la fleur de l'âge ; c'est là que se multiplient les morts violentes, et que se réalisent ces drames sanglants dont le récit et le spectacle émeuvent la scène et le théâtre.
Sans fouiller dans les siècles passés, sur neuf empereurs qui ont régné de notre temps, deux seulement n'ont pas péri de mort violente. Celui-ci est tombé sous les coups d'un usurpateur; celui-là sur le champ de bataille; l'un, victime de la perfidie de ses gardes; l'autre, sous (les poignards payés par celui même de qui il tenait la couronne et la pourpre. Quant à leurs épouses, plusieurs ont péri par le poison, quelques-unes ont succombé à la douleur; et, parmi celles qui vivent encore, l'une tremble qu'une politique barbare n'immole son jeune fils à la sûreté du trône; et une autre revient à peine de l'exil qu'on fait cesser les pressantes démarches de ses nombreux amis.
Et maintenant, s'il est permis de parler de nos impératrices, que voyons-nous? L'une, respirant enfin de ses maux passés, n'ose se livrer à la joie du présent, parce qu'elle redoute pour l'empereur l'inexpérience de sa jeunesse et les complots des méchants ; l'autre consume ses jours dans un état de crainte que je comparerais aux terreurs du criminel condamné à mort; car, depuis son avènement au trône jusqu'à ce jour, l'empereur n'a point déposé les armes, et il voit la défaite et la honte flétrir la majesté de l'empire. Hélas ! ce qui ne s'était jamais vu se voit maintenant : les Barbares, quittant leur patrie, font irruption dans nos provinces, promènent sur nos campagnes le fer et la flamme, forcent nos cités et s'y établissent en conquérants. Comme s'il s'agissait de fêtes, non de batailles, ils se moquent de là lâcheté de nos soldats. Je ne comprends pas, disait l'un de leurs chefs, l'impudence des Romains :'ils se laissent égorger comme des moutons, et néanmoins ils espèrent encore la victoire, et ne veulent point nous céder un pays qu'ils ne peuvent défendre. Combien de fois, ajoutait-il, mon bras ne s'est-il pas lassé à les immoler ! Quel langage ! et de quel effroi il doit remplir l'empereur et son auguste épouse !
Übersetzung
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Letter to a young widow
4.
But since you mourn also over the loss of security which you formerly enjoyed on his account, and perhaps also for the sake of those great hopes of distinction which were dawning (for I used to hear that he would speedily arrive at the dignity of praefect, and this, I fancy, it is which more especially upsets and distresses thy soul) consider I pray the case of those who have been in a higher official position than his, and yet have brought their life to a very pitiable end. Let me recall them to your memory: you probably know Theodore of Sicily by reputation: 1 for he was one of the most distinguished men; he surpassed all in bodily stature and beauty as well as in the confidence which he enjoyed with the Emperor, and he had more power than any member of the royal household, but he did not bear this prosperity meekly, and having entered into a plot against the Emperor he was taken prisoner and miserably beheaded; and his wife who was not a whit inferior to thy noble self in education and birth and all other respects was suddenly stripped of all her possessions, deprived even of her freedom also, and enrolled amongst the household slaves, and compelled to lead a life more pitiable than any bondmaid, having this advantage only over the rest that owing to the extreme severity of her calamity she moved to tears all who beheld her. And it is said also that Artemisia who was the wife of a man of high reputation, since he also aimed at usurping the throne, was reduced to this same condition of poverty, and also to blindness; for the depth of her despondency, and the abundance of her tears destroyed her sight; and now she has need of persons to lead her by the hand, and to conduct her to the doors of others that she may obtain the necessary supply of food. 2 And I might mention many other families which have been brought down in this way did I not know thee to be too pious and prudent in disposition to wish to find consolation for thy own calamity out of the misfortunes of others. And the only reason why I mentioned those instances to which I referred just now was that you might learn that human things are nothingness but that truly as the prophet says "all the glory of man is as the flower of grass." 3 For in proportion to men's elevation and splendour is the ruin wrought for them, not only in the case of those who are under rule, but also of the rulers themselves. For it would be impossible to find any private family which has been immersed in such great calamities as the ills in which the imperial house has been steeped. For untimely loss of parents, and of husbands, and violent forms of death, more outrageous and painful than those which occur in tragedies, especially beset this kind of government.
Now passing over ancient times, of those who have reigned in our own generation, nine in all, only two have ended their life by a natural death; and of the others one was slain by a usurper, 4 one in battle, 5 one by a conspiracy of his household guards, 6 one by the very man who elected him, and invested him with the purple, 7 and of their wives some, as it is reported, perished by poison, others died of mere sorrow; while of those who still survive one, who has an orphan son, is trembling with alarm lest any of those who are in power dreading what may happen in the future should destroy him; 8 another has reluctantly yielded to much entreaty to return from the exile into which she had been driven by him who held the chief power. 9 And of the wives of the present rulers the one who has recovered a little from her former calamities has much sorrow mingled with her joy because the possessor of power is still young and inexperienced and has many designing men on all sides of him; 10 and the other is ready to die of fear, and spends her time more miserably than criminals condemned to death because her husband ever since he assumed the crown up to the present day has been constantly engaged in warfare and fighting, and is more exhausted by the shame and the reproaches which assail him on all sides than by actual calamities. 11 For that which has never taken place has now come to pass, the barbarians leaving their own country have overrun an infinite space of our territory, and that many times over, and having set fire to the land, and captured the towns they are not minded to return home again, but after the manner of men who are keeping holiday rather than making war, they laugh us all to scorn; 12 and it is said that one of their kings declared that he was amazed at the impudence of our soldiers, who although slaughtered more easily than sheep still expect to conquer, and are not willing to quit their own country; for he said that he himself was satiated with the work of cutting them to pieces. Imagine what the feelings of the Emperor and his wife must be on hearing these words!
According to Ammianus Marcellinus, B. xxxiv., this Theodore was a native of Gaul. He is probably called Theodore of Sicily by Chrysostom because he attempted to make himself a tyrant in that island. He was executed for treason in the year 371. ↩
I have not been able to discover any further information concerning Artemisia or her husband. ↩
Is. xl. 5. ↩
Constans by Magnentius. ↩
Constantine the younger. ↩
Jovian: there were several other versions of his death. See Gibbon, iv. 221 (Milman's edition). Chrysostom repeats this story in Homily XV., ad Philipp. ↩
Gallus Caesar (who never became Augustus) by Constantius. ↩
Widow of Jovian, whose son Varronianus had been deprived of one eye (see Gibbon as above). ↩
Doubtful, possibly first wife of Valentinian I., divorced from him and sent into exile. ↩
Constantia, wife of Gratian. ↩
Flacilla, wife of Theodosius. The two emperors who died natural deaths were Constantine the Great, and his son Constantius. Compare this mournful list with the celebrated passage in Shakespeare's Richard II., act III. sc. 2. "For Heaven's sake let's sit upon the ground And tell sad stories of the death of kings," etc. ↩
See Introduction. ↩