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The City of God

Chapter 24.--That If Men Had Remained Innocent and Obedient in Paradise, the Generative Organs Should Have Been in Subjection to the Will as the Other Members are.

The man, then, would have sown the seed, and the woman received it, as need required, the generative organs being moved by the will, not excited by lust. For we move at will not only those members which are furnished with joints of solid bone, as the hands, feet, and fingers, but we move also at will those which are composed of slack and soft nerves: we can put them in motion, or stretch them out, or bend and twist them, or contract and stiffen them, as we do with the muscles of the mouth and face. The lungs, which are the very tenderest of the viscera except the brain, and are therefore carefully sheltered in the cavity of the chest, yet for all purposes of inhaling and exhaling the breath, and of uttering and modulating the voice, are obedient to the will when we breathe, exhale, speak, shout, or sing, just as the bellows obey the smith or the organist. I will not press the fact that some animals have a natural power to move a single spot of the skin with which their whole body is covered, if they have felt on it anything they wish to drive off,--a power so great, that by this shivering tremor of the skin they can not only shake off flies that have settled on them, but even spears that have fixed in their flesh. Man, it is true, has not this power; but is this any reason for supposing that God could not give it to such creatures as He wished to possess it? And therefore man himself also might very well have enjoyed absolute power over his members had he not forfeited it by his disobedience; for it was not difficult for God to form him so that what is now moved in his body only by lust should have been moved only at will.

We know, too, that some men are differently constituted from others, and have some rare and remarkable faculty of doing with their body what other men can by no effort do, and, indeed, scarcely believe when they hear of others doing. There are persons who can move their ears, either one at a time, or both together. There are some who, without moving the head, can bring the hair down upon the forehead, and move the whole scalp backwards and forwards at pleasure. Some, by lightly pressing their stomach, bring up an incredible quantity and variety of things they have swallowed, and produce whatever they please, quite whole, as if out of a bag. Some so accurately mimic the voices of birds and beasts and other men, that, unless they are seen, the difference cannot be told. Some have such command of their bowels, that they can break wind continuously at pleasure, so as to produce the effect of singing. I myself have known a man who was accustomed to sweat whenever he wished. It is well known that some weep when they please, and shed a flood of tears. But far more incredible is that which some of our brethren saw quite recently. There was a presbyter called Restitutus, in the parish of the Calamensian ¹ Church, who, as often as he pleased (and he was asked to do this by those who desired to witness so remarkable a phenomenon), on some one imitating the wailings of mourners, became so insensible, and lay in a state so like death, that not only had he no feeling when they pinched and pricked him, but even when fire was applied to him, and he was burned by it, he had no sense of pain except afterwards from the wound. And that his body remained motionless, not by reason of his self-command, but because he was insensible, was proved by the fact that he breathed no more than a dead man; and yet he said that, when any one spoke with more than ordinary distinctness, he heard the voice, but as if it were a long way off. Seeing, then, that even in this mortal and miserable life the body serves some men by many remarkable movements and moods beyond the ordinary course of nature, what reason is there for doubting that, before man was involved by his sin in this weak and corruptible condition, his members might have served his will for the propagation of offspring without lust? Man has been given over to himself because he abandoned God, while he sought to be self-satisfying; and disobeying God, he could not obey even himself. Hence it is that he is involved in the obvious misery of being unable to live as he wishes. For if he lived as he wished, he would think himself blessed; but he could not be so if he lived wickedly.

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La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE XXIV.

SI LES HOMMES FUSSENT DEMEURÉS INNOCENTS DANS LE PARADIS, L’ACTE DE LA GÉNÉRATION SERAIT SOUMIS A LA VOLONTÉ COMME TOUTES NOS AUTRES ACTIONS.

L’homme aurait semé et la femme aurait recueilli, quand il eût fallu et autant qu’il eût été nécessaire, les organes n’étant pas mus par la concupiscence, mais par la volonté. Nous ne remuons pas seulement à notre gré les membres où il y a des os et des jointures, comme les pieds, les mains et les doigts, mais aussi ceux où il n’y a que des chairs et des nerfs, et nous les étendons, les plions, les accourcissons comme il nous plaît, ainsi que cela se voit dans la bouche et dans le visage. Les poumons enfin, c’est-à-dire les plus mous de tous les viscères, plus mous même que la moëlle des os, et pour cette raison enfermés dans la poitrine qui leur sert de rempart, ne se meuvent-ils pas à notre volonté comme des soufflets d’orgue, quand nous respirons ou quand nous parlons? Je ne rappellerai pas ici ces animaux qui donnent un tel mouvement à leur peau, lorsqu’il en est besoin, qu’ils ne chassent pas seulement les mouches en remuant l’endroit où elles sont sans remuer les autres, mais qu’ils font même tomber les flèches dont on les a percés. Les hommes, il est vrai, n’ont pas cette sorte de mouvement, mais niera-t-on que Dieu eût pu le leur donner? Ne pouvait-il donc point pareillement faire que ce qui se meut maintenant dans son corps par la concupiscence n’eût été mû que par le commandement de la volonté?

Ne voyons-nous pas certains hommes qui font de leur corps tout ce qu’ils veulent? Il y en a qui remuent les oreilles, ou toutes deux ensemble, ou chacune séparément, comme bon leur semble; on en rencontre d’autres qui, sans mouvoir la tête, font tomber tous leurs cheveux sur le front, puis les redressent et les renversent de l’autre côté; d’autres qui, en pressant un peu leur estomac, d’une infinité de choses qu’ils ont avalées, en tirent comme d’un sac celles qu’il leur plaît; quelques-uns contrefont si bien le chant des oiseaux ou la voix des bêtes et des hommes, qu’on ne saurait s’en apercevoir si on ne les voyait; il s’en trouve même qui font sortir par en bas, sans aucune ordure, tant de vents harmonieux qu’on dirait qu’ils chantent. J’ai vu, pour mon compte, un homme qui suait à volonté. Tout le monde sait qu’il y en a qui pleurent quand ils veulent et autant qu’ils veulent. Mais voici un fait bien plus incroyable, qui s’est passé depuis peu et dont la plupart de nos frères ont été témoins. Il y avait un prêtre de l’église de Calame¹, nommé Restitutus, qui, chaque fois qu’on l’en priait (et cela arrivait souvent), pouvait, au bruit de certaines voix plaintives, perdre les sens et rester étendu par terre comme mort, ne se sentant ni pincer, ni piquer, ni même brûler. Or, ce qui prouve que son corps ne demeurait ainsi immobile que parce qu’il était privé de tout sentiment, c’est qu’il n’avait plus du tout de respiration non plus qu’un mort. Il disait néanmoins que quand on parlait fort haut, il entendait comme des voix qui venaient de loin. Puis donc que, dans la condition présente, il est des hommes à qui leur corps obéit en des choses si extraordinaires, pourquoi ne croirions-nous pas qu’avant le péché et la corruption de la nature, il eût pu nous obéir pour ce qui regarde la génération? L’homme a été abandonné à soi, parce qu’il a abandonné Dieu par une vaine complaisance en soi, et il n’a pu trouver en soi l’obéissance qu’il n’avait pas voulu rendre à Dieu. De là vient qu’il est manifestement misérable en ce qu’il ne vit pas comme il l’entend. Il est vrai que s’il vivait à son gré, il se croirait bienheureux; mais il ne le serait pas même de la sorte,. à moins qu’il ne vécût comme il faut.