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The City of God

Chapter 8.--Who Were Kings When Moses Was Born, and What Gods Began to Be Worshipped Then.

When Saphrus reigned as the fourteenth king of Assyria, and Orthopolis as the twelfth of Sicyon, and Criasus as the fifth of Argos, Moses was born in Egypt, by whom the people of God were liberated from the Egyptian slavery, in which they behoved to be thus tried that they might desire the help of their Creator. Some have thought that Prometheus lived during the reign of the kings now named. He is reported to have formed men out of clay, because he was esteemed the best teacher of wisdom; yet it does not appear what wise men there were in his days. His brother Atlas is said to have been a great astrologer; and this gave occasion for the fable that he held up the sky, although the vulgar opinion about his holding up the sky appears rather to have been suggested by a high mountain named after him. Indeed, from those times many other fabulous things began to be invented in Greece; yet, down to Cecrops king of Athens, in whose reign that city received its name, and in whose reign God brought His people out of Egypt by Moses, only a few dead heroes are reported to have been deified according to the vain superstition of the Greeks. Among these were Melantomice, the wife of king Criasus, and Phorbas their son, who succeeded his father as sixth king of the Argives, and Iasus, son of Triopas, their seventh king, and their ninth king, Sthenelas, or Stheneleus, or Sthenelus,--for his name is given differently by different authors. In those times also, Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by his daughter Maia, is said to have lived, according to the common report in books. He was famous for his skill in many arts, and taught them to men, for which they resolved to make him, and even believed that he deserved to be, a god after death. Hercules is said to have been later, yet belonging to the same period; although some, whom I think mistaken, assign him an earlier date than Mercury. But at whatever time they were born, it is agreed among grave historians, who have committed these ancient things to writing, that both were men, and that they merited divine honors from mortals because they conferred on them many benefits to make this life more pleasant to them. Minerva was far more ancient than these; for she is reported to have appeared in virgin age in the times of Ogyges at the lake called Triton, from which she is also styled Tritonia, the inventress truly of many works, and the more readily believed to be a goddess because her origin was so little known. For what is sung about her having sprung from the head of Jupiter belongs to the region of poetry and fable, and not to that of history and real fact. And historical writers are not agreed when Ogyges flourished, in whose time also a great flood occurred,--not that greatest one from which no man escaped except those who could get into the ark, for neither Greek nor Latin history knew of it, yet a greater flood than that which happened afterward in Deucalion's time. For Varro begins the book I have already mentioned at this date, and does not propose to himself, as the starting-point from which he may arrive at Roman affairs, anything more ancient than the flood of Ogyges, that is, which happened in the time of Ogyges. Now our writers of chronicles--first Eusebius, and afterwards Jerome, who entirely follow some earlier historians in this opinion--relate that the flood of Ogyges happened more than three hundred years after, during the reign of Phoroneus, the second king of Argos. But whenever he may have lived, Minerva was already worshipped as a goddess when Cecrops reigned in Athens, in whose reign the city itself is reported to have been rebuilt or founded.

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La cité de dieu

CHAPITRE VIII.

DES ROIS SOUS LESQUELS NAQUIT MOÏSE, ET DES DIEUX DONT LE CULTE COMMENÇA A S’INTRODUIRE EN CE MÊME TEMPS.

Ainsi, au temps de Saphrus¹, quatorzième roi des Assyriens, et d’Orthopolis, le douzième des Sicyoniens, lorsque les Argiens comptaient Criasus pour leur cinquième roi, naquit en Egypte² ce Moïse qui délivra le peuple de Dieu de la captivité sous laquelle il gémissait et où Dieu le laissait languir pour lui faire désirer l’assistance de son Créateur. Quelques-uns croient que Prométhée vivait alors; et comme il faisait profession de sagesse, on dit qu’il avait formé des hommes avec de l’argile. On ne sait pas néanmoins quels étaient les sages de son temps. Son frère Atlas fut, dit-on, un grand astrologue; ce qui adonné lieu de dire qu’il portait le ciel sur ses épaules, quoiqu’il existe une haute montagne du nom d’Atlas, d’où ce conte a bien pu tirer son origine. En ce temps-là beaucoup de fables commencèrent à avoir cours dans la Grèce; et sous le règne de Cécrops, roi des Athéniens, la superstition des Grecs mit plusieurs morts au rang des dieux: Mélantomice, femme de Criasus, et Phorbas, leur fils, sixième roi des Argiens, furent de ce nombre, aussi bien que Jasus et Sthénélas, Sthénéléus ou Sthénélus (car les historiens ne s’accordent pas sur son nom), l’un fils de Triopas, septième roi, et l’autre de Jasus, neuvième roi des Argiens. Alors vivait Mercure, petit-fils d’Atlas par Maïa, suivant le témoignage de presque tous les historiens. Il apprit aux hommes beaucoup d’arts utiles à la vie, ce qui fut cause qu’ils en firent un Dieu après sa mort. Vers le même temps, mais après lui, vint Hercule, que quelques-uns néanmoins mettent auparavant, en quoi je pense qu’ils se trompent. Mais quoi qu’il en soit de l’époque de ces deux personnages , les plus graves historiens tombent d’accord que tous deux furent des hommes qui reçurent les honneurs divins pour avoir trouvé quantité de choses propres au soulage. ment de la condition humaine. Pour Minerve, elle est bien plus ancienne qu’eux, puisqu’on la vit, dit-on, jeune fille du temps d’Ogygès auprès du lac Triton, d’où elle fut surnommée Tritonienne. On lui doit beaucoup d’inventions rares et utiles, et l’on inclina d’autant plus à la croire une déesse que son origine n’était pas connue. Car ce que l’on raconte, qu’elle sortit de la tête de Jupiter, est plutôt une fiction de poète qu’une vérité historique. Toutefois, les historiens ne sont pas d’accord sur l’époque où vivait Ogygès, qui a donné son nom à un grand déluge, non pas à celui qui submergea tout le genre humain, à l’exception du petit nombre sauvé dans l’arche, car l’histoire grecque ni l’histoire latine n’ont point connu celui-là³, mais à un autre, plus grand que celui de Deucalion⁴ . Varron n’a rien trouvé de plus ancien dans l’histoire que le déluge d’Ogygès, et c’est à ce temps qu’il commence son livre des Antiquités romaines. Mais nos chronologistes, Eusèbe, et Jérôme après lui, qui sans doute ici s’appuient sur le témoignage d’historiens antérieurs, reculent le déluge d’Ogygès de plus de trois cents ans, jusque sous Phoronée, second roi des Argiens. Quoi qu’il en soit, Minerve était déjà adorée comme une déesse du temps de Cécrops, roi des Athéniens, sous le règne duquel Athènes fut fondée ou rebâtie.