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On the Profit of Believing
25.
Wherefore it now remains to consider, in what manner we ought not to follow these, who profess that they will lead by reason. For how we may without fault follow those who bid us to believe, hath been already said: but unto these who make promises of reason certain think that they come, not only without blame, but also with some praise: but it is not so. For there are two (classes of) persons, praiseworthy in religion; one of those who have already found, whom also we must needs judge most blessed; another of those who are seeking with all earnestness and in the right way. The first, therefore, are already in very possession, the other on the way, yet on that way whereby they are most sure to arrive. 1 There are three other kinds of men altogether to be disapproved of and detested. One is of those who hold an opinion, 2 that is, of those who think that they know what they know not. Another is of those who are indeed aware that they know not, but do not so seek as to be able to find. A third is of those who neither think that they know, nor wish to seek. There are also three things, as it were bordering upon one another, in the minds of men well worth distinguishing; understanding, belief, opinion. And, if these be considered by themselves, the first is always without fault, the second sometimes with fault, the third never without fault. For the understanding of matters great, and honorable, and even divine, is most blessed. 3 But the understanding of things unnecessary is no injury; but perhaps the learning was an injury, in that it took up the time of necessary matters. But on the matters themselves that are injurious, it is not the understanding, but the doing or suffering them, that is wretched. For not, in case any understand how an enemy may be slain without danger to himself, is he guilty from the mere understanding, not the wish; and, if the wish be absent, what can be called more innocent? But belief is then worthy of blame, when either any thing is believed of God which is unworthy of Him, or any thing is over easily believed of man. But in all other matters if any believe aught, provided he understand that he knows it not, there is no fault. For I believe that very wicked conspirators were formerly put to death by the virtue of Cicero; but this I not only know not, but also I know for certain that I can by no means know. But opinion is on two accounts very base; in that both he who hath persuaded himself that he already knows, cannot learn; provided only it may be learnt; and in itself rashness is a sign of a mind not well disposed. For even if any suppose that he know what I said of Cicero, (although it be no hindrance to him from learning, in that the matter itself is incapable of being grasped by any knowledge;) yet, (in that he understands not that there is a great difference, whether any thing be grasped by sure reason of mind, which we call understanding, or whether for practical purposes it be entrusted to common fame or writing, for posterity to believe it,) he assuredly errs, and no error is without what is base. What then we understand, we owe to reason; what we believe, to authority; what we have an opinion on, to error. 4 But every one who understands also believes, and also every one who has an opinion believes; not every one who believes understands, no one who has an opinion understands. Therefore if these three things be referred unto the five kinds of men, which we mentioned a little above; that is, two kinds to be approved, which we set first, and three that remain faulty; we find that the first kind, that of the blessed, believe the truth itself; but the second kind, that of such as are earnest after, and lovers of, the truth, believe authority. In which kinds, of the two, the act of belief is praiseworthy. But in the first of the faulty kinds, that is, of those who have an opinion that they know what they know not, there is an altogether faulty credulity. The other two kinds that are to be disapproved believe nothing, both they who seek the truth despairing of finding it, and they who seek it not at all. And this only in matters which pertain unto any system of teaching. For in the other business of life, I am utterly ignorant by what means a man can believe nothing. Although in the case of those also they who say that in practical matters they follow probabilities, would seem rather to be unable to know than unable to believe. For who believes not what he approves? 5 or how is what they follow probable, if it be not approved? Wherefore there may be two kinds of such as oppose the truth: one of those who assail knowledge alone, not faith; the other of those who condemn both: and yet again, I am ignorant whether these can be found in matters of human life. These things have been said, in order that we might understand, that, in retaining faith, even of those things which as yet we comprehend not, we are set free from the rashness of such as have an opinion. For they, who say that we are to believe nothing but what we know, are on their guard against that one name "opining," 6 which must be confessed to be base and very wretched, but, if they consider carefully that there is a very great difference, whether one think that he knows, or moved by some authority believe that which he understands that he knows not, surely he will escape the charge of error, and inhumanity, and pride.
&c.' In these words of mine if those who have already found' whom we have said to be now in possession,' are in such sort understood to be most happy,' as that they are so not in this life, but in that we hope for, and aim at by the path of faith, the meaning is free from error: for they are to be judged to have found that which is to be sought, who are now there, whither we by seeking and believing, that is by keeping the path of faith, do seek to come. But if they are thought to be or to have been such in this life that seems to me not to be true: not that in this life no truth at all can be found that can be discerned by the mind, not believed on faith; but because it is but so much, what there is of it, as not to make men most blessed.' For neither is that which the Apostle says, We see now through a glass in a riddle and now I know in part (1 Cor. xiii. 12), incapable of being discerned by the mind. It is discerned, clearly, but does not yet make us most blessed. For that makes men most blessed which he saith, but then face to face, and, then I shall know even as I am known. They that have found this, they are to be said to stand in possession of bliss, to which leads that path of faith which we keep, and whither we desire to arrive at by believing. But who are those most blessed, who are already in that possession whither this path leads, is a great question. And for the holy Angels indeed, there is no question but they be there. But of holy men already departed, whether so much may yet be said of them as that they stand already in that possession, is fairly made a question. For they are already freed from the corruptible body that weigheth down the soul (Wisd. 9.), but they still wait for the redemption of their body (Rom. 8.), and their flesh resteth in hope, nor is yet glorified in the incorruption that is to come. (Ps. 16.) But whether for all that they are none the less qualified to contemplate the truth with the eyes of the heart, as it is said, Face to face, there is not space to discuss here."
cf. Retract. b. i. ch. xiv. 2. "I also said, For there are two ↩
Opinantium ↩
cf. Retract. b. i. ch. 14. 2. "Also what I said, for to know great and noble and even divine things,' we should refer to the same blessedness. For in this life whatsoever there be of it known amounts not to perfect bliss, because that part of it which remains unknown is far more without all comparison." ↩
cf. Retract. b. i. ch. xiv. 3. "And what I said that there is a great difference whether anything be grasped by sure reason of mind, which we call knowing, or whether for practical purposes it be entrusted to common fame or writing, for posterity to believe it,' and presently after, what therefore we know, we owe to reason; what we believe to authority;' is not to be so taken as that in conversation we should fear to say we know' what we believe of suitable witnesses. For when we speak strictly we are said to know that only which by the mind's own firm reason we comprehend. But when we speak in words more suited to common use, as also Divine Scripture speaketh, we should not hesitate to say we know both what we have perceived with our bodily senses, and what we believe of trustworthy witnesses, whilst however between one and the other we are aware what difference exists." ↩
Probat ↩
Opinationis ↩
Übersetzung
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De l'utilité de la foi
25.
Reste à considérer pour quel motif ne doivent pas être suivis ceux qui promettent de nous conduire par 1a raison. Déjà nous avons dit comment on peut, sans être blâmable , suivre ceux qui nous ordonnent de croire; quant à ces panégyristes de la raison, quelques personnes pensent qu'en allant à eux, loin de mériter des reproches, elles font au contraire une action louable. Mais c'est une erreur. Il y a dans la religion deux sortes de gens dignes d'éloge : les uns qui ont déjà trouvé la vérité, et ceux-là, il faut les considérer aussi comme très-heureux; les autres qui la cherchent avec beaucoup d'ardeur et de loyauté. Les premiers sont donc déjà en possession de la vérité, les autres sont seulement sur le chemin, mais avec la certitude d'y arriver. Le reste des hommes forme trois classes, qui toutes ne méritent que la réprobation et l'anathème. L'une est celle des hommes qui n'ont que des opinions, c'est-à-dire, qui croient savoir ce qu'ils ne savent pas: La seconde comprend ceux qui sentent, il est vrai, qu'ils ne savent pas, mais qui ne s'occupent pas des moyens de trouver. La troisième se compose de ceux qui, sans se figurer qu'ils savent, ne veulent pas chercher. Il y a pareillement dans les esprits humains trois faits analogues et bien dignes d'être remarqués ; ce sont comprendre, croire, penser. A les considérer en eux-mêmes, le premier n'est jamais blâmable, le second l'est quelquefois seulement, le troisième toujours. En effet, il y a un grand bonheur à comprendre les choses grandes, honnêtes, divines. Comprendre des choses superflues ne nuit en rien ; seulement on s'est peut-être fait tort en les apprenant, parce qu'on leur a sacrifié des études nécessaires. Pour les choses nuisibles, il est malheureux non de les comprendre, mais de les commettre ou de les subir. Qu'un homme sache comment ses ennemis peuvent être tués sans danger pour lui, ce n'est pas le fait de savoir, c'est le désir qui le rend coupable; s'il n'a pas ce désir, qu'y a-t-il de plus innocent que lui ? Quant au fait de croire, il est blâmable lorsque -l'on croit sur Dieu quelque chose d'indigne de lui, ou que l'on croit sur l'homme à la légère. Dans tout le reste on n'est pas blâmable de croire quelque chose, si on comprend qu'on ne sait pas cette chose. Je crois, par exemple, que des scélérats conjurés contre Rome ont péri jadis, grâce au courage de Cicéron ; or non-seulement je ne sais pas cela, mais même je sais positivement qu'il m'est impossible de le savoir. Quant à se faire des opinions, c'est pour deux motifs une chose très-blâmable, parce qu'on ne peut apprendre quand on s'est persuadé qu'on sait déjà, si toutefois la chose peut être apprise; et que par elle-même la légèreté est le signe d'un esprit mal fait. Un homme a beau croire qu'il sait le trait que je viens de citer sur Cicéron, (du reste rien ne l'empêche d'apprendre ce trait, bien qu'il soit impossible d'en constater la certitude scientifique),, comme il ne comprend pas qu'il y a une grande différence entre connaître une chose par un procédé certain de l'intelligence, ce que nous appelons comprendre, et confier utilement cette chose à la renommée ou aux lettres pour qu'elle soit crue de la postérité, cet homme certainement se trompe, et il n'est pas d'erreur qui n'entraîne un blâme. Ainsi donc, ce que nous comprenons, nous le devons à la raison ; ce que nous croyons, à l'autorité ; ce que nous nous figurons, à l'erreur. Mais tout homme qui comprend, croit; il en est de même de quiconque se figure une chose ; tandis que l'homme qui croit ne comprend pas toujours, et que celui qui se figure une chose ne comprend jamais. Si donc nous rapprochons ces trois choses des cinq espèces de gens dont nous avons parlé un peu plus haut, et dont les deux premières méritent les éloges, tandis que les trois autres sont blâmables ; nous trouvons que la première espèce, celle des heureux, croit à la vérité, et que la seconde espèce, composée d'hommes désireux et amateurs de la vérité, croit à l'autorité. Chez ces deux espèces d'hommes la croyance est louable.
Dans la première classe des gens blâmables, composée de ceux qui se figurent savoir ce qu'ils ne savent pas, il y a certainement une crédulité répréhensible. Les deux autres classes qui méritent la réprobation, ne croient rien : ce sont ceux qui cherchent la vérité sans espoir de la trouver, et ceux qui ne la cherchent pas du tout. Il ne s'agit ici que de choses qui ont rapport à quelque science ; car dans tout le reste de la vie, je ne vois pas comment un homme pourrait ne rien croire. Du reste ceux qui dans leurs actes disent qu'ils n'admettent que des probabilités, veulent plutôt passer pour ne pouvoir rien savoir que pour ne rien croire. Qui en effet ne croit pas ce qu'il approuve? ou comment ce qu'on admet, si on ne l'approuve pas, peut-il être probable? Ainsi donc on peut compter deux espèces d'adversaires de la vérité : l'une comprend ceux qui attaquent la science seule ment, mais non la foi ; l'autre ceux qui condamnent ces deux choses. Ces derniers toutefois peuvent-ils se rencontrer dans la vie humaine, je l'ignore encore. Si je suis entré dans ces détails, c'est pour que nous voyions bien qu'avec la foi, même aux choses que nous ne comprenons pas encore, nous échappons à la légèreté des sceptiques. Car ceux qui disent qu'il ne faut rien croire que ce que nous savons , ne songent qu'à se prémunir contre cette qualification de sceptiques, qualification triste et honteuse, il faut l'avouer. Mais s'ils considéraient attentivement qu'il y a une grande différence entre se figurer que l'on sait, et croire sur la foi de quelque autorité ce, qu'on voit que l'on ne sait pas, ils éviteraient certainement tout reproche d'erreur, d'arrogance et d'orgueil.