Übersetzung
ausblenden
Aux nations
XIII.
En voilà assez sur le compte de Saturne et de sa postérité. Il est bien démontré que ce furent des hommes. Nous avons entre les mains une preuve abrégée, et qui sert de prescription contre l'origine des autres, sans avoir besoin de nous perdre dans les détails particuliers à chacun. Tels pères, tels fils; des mortels n'engendrent que des mortels; ce qui est de la terre n'enfante que ce qui est de la terre; un degré sert de degré à un autre; mariage, conception, naissance; on connaît leur patrie, leurs règnes, leurs monuments. . . . . .Vous ne pouvez nier qu'ils aient reçu la naissance, croyez donc également qu'ils sont morts. Du moment que vous reconnaissez qu'ils sont morts, cessez de les reconnaître pour dieux. La force de la nature vous oblige de confesser que ceux qui n'ont pas toujours été des dieux, n'ont pu conquérir la divinité, comme l'ont rêvé un jour Varron et ses partisans.
Je m'arrête donc ici. . . . . En supposant même qu'ils aient été faits dieux après leur mort, et qu'ils soient entrés dans l'Olympe, à peu près comme se recrute votre sénat. . . . . , il faut que vous admettiez un dieu suprême qui ait la faculté de les choisir, et soit comme leur César à tous. Car personne ne peut communiquer à qui que ce soit la puissance, s'il n'en est pas investi lui-même. . . . . . D'ailleurs, s'ils ont pu se transformer eux-mêmes en dieux après leur mort, pourquoi ont-ils voulu commencer par une condition inférieure? ou s'il n'y a personne qui ait pu les faire dieux, comment soutenir qu'ils ont été divinisés, puisqu'ils n'ont pu l'être que par un autre? Conséquemment il vous est impossible de nier qu'il existe un Dieu qui possède en propre la divinité.
Examinons donc pour quelles raisons il aurait pu investir de la divinité un être mortel. Vous ne pourrez, si je ne me trompe, en assigner que deux. . . . . . Ou ce Dieu suprême a choisi des dieux parmi les hommes pour servir d'auxiliaires à sa puissance ou d'ornement à son trône. En second lieu, il n'a pu que consulter les mérites, afin de faire tomber son choix sur les plus dignes. Il vous est impossible d'alléguer d'autres motifs. Personne. . . . . qui, en songeant à autrui, ne cherche ses propres intérêts, et agisse uniquement pour l'étranger. . . . . . On ne peut le demander à la divinité. . . . . . Ou si on la fait assez faible pour avoir besoin de l'assistance de quelqu'un, et surtout d'un mort, il n'en est que plus étonnant qu'elle ait eu assez de puissance pour créer des immortels. . . . . . Quiconque sait la distance qui sépare les choses divines d'avec les choses humaines, ne s'arrêtera pas longtemps là-dessus. . . . . .
Reste la question des mérites, qu'il vaut mieux discuter. . . . . . Il ne sera pas difficile de se convaincre qu'aucun de ces hommes divinisés ne méritait cet honneur. . . . . . Pour commencer par Saturne, quels sont ses titres à la divinité? L'inceste, puisque vous reconnaissez que Saturne et Ops étaient frère et soeur. Jupiter ne vaut pas mieux. Enfant dérobé à son père, je trouve en lui trois choses qui répugnent à un dieu: le toit qu'il occupe, la nourrice qui l'allaite, et sa cruauté personnelle. Aussitôt qu'il est adulte, il immole son père, quel qu'il fût, roi pacifique qui donnait à l'univers le siècle d'or, sous lequel on ne connaissait ni travail ni indigence; sous lequel les laboureurs n'étaient pas contraints d'ensemencer la terre, parce qu'elle donnait tout sans qu'on lui demandât rien. . . . . .
Mais, dira-t-on, il haïssait un père dénaturé qui avait mutilé le sien. . . . . . Fort bien! Mais voilà que Jupiter lui-même épouse sa soeur, si bien que c'est pour lui sans doute qu'a été fait-ce proverbe grec: Digne fils de son père. Tel père, tel fils. Si les lois eussent été en vigueur alors, Jupiter aurait été cousu dans deux sacs. . . . . . Une fois souillé par l'inceste, pouvait -il reculer devant des voluptés moins honteuses? Aussi la poésie a-t-elle fait un jeu de ses infamies. Nous le voyons, après avoir déserté le ciel, tantôt, métamorphosé en taureau, enlever une jeune vierge; tantôt descendre en pluie d'or pour corrompre les gardiens d'une tour; tantôt adultère sous les plumes d'un cygne. . . . . . Il n'a rien à envier aux débauches de l'homme. Même nature, mêmes moeurs. Mais combien est au-dessous des mortels le dieu qui n'est pas meilleur qu'eux! Vous lui donnez le nom de Jupiter très-bon. Virgile l'a mieux désigné, quand il a dit: Le très-bon Jupiter est égal à tous1. Il a été incestueux envers les siens, impudique envers des étrangers, impie, injuste. . . . . . Point d'infamie qui ne l'ait rendu tristement célèbre. . . . . . Donc il n'a point mérité de devenir dieu.
Jeu de mot fondé sur la double signification de aequus, juste ou égal. ↩
Übersetzung
ausblenden
Ad Nationes
Chapter XIII. 1 --The Gods Human at First. Who Had the Authority to Make Them Divine? Jupiter Not Only Human, But Immoral.
Manifest cases, indeed, like these have a force peculiarly their own. Men like Varro and his fellow-dreamers admit into the ranks of the divinity those whom they cannot assert to have been in their primitive condition anything but men; (and this they do) by affirming that they became gods after their death. Here, then, I take my stand. If your gods were elected 2 to this dignity and deity, 3 just as you recruit the ranks of your senate, you cannot help conceding, in your wisdom, that there must be some one supreme sovereign who has the power of selecting, and is a kind of Caesar; and nobody is able to confer 4 on others a thing over which he has not absolute control. Besides, if they were able to make gods of themselves after their death, pray tell me why they chose to be in an inferior condition at first? Or, again, if there is no one who made them gods, how can they be said to have been made such, if they could only have been made by some one else? There is therefore no ground afforded you for denying that there is a certain wholesale distributor 5 of divinity. Let us accordingly examine the reasons for despatching mortal beings to heaven. I suppose you will produce a pair of them. Whoever, then, is the awarder (of the divine honours), exercises his function, either that he may have some supports, or defences, or it may be even ornaments to his own dignity; or from the pressing claims of the meritorious, that he may reward all the deserving. No other cause is it permitted us to conjecture. Now there is no one who, when bestowing a gift on another, does not act with a view to his own interest or the other's. This conduct, however, cannot be worthy of the Divine Being, inasmuch as His power is so great that He can make gods outright; whilst His bringing man into such request, on the pretence that he requires the aid and support of certain, even dead persons, is a strange conceit, since He was able from the very first to create for Himself immortal beings. He who has compared human things with divine will require no further arguments on these points. And yet the latter opinion ought to be discussed, that God conferred divine honours in consideration of meritorious claims. Well, then, if the award was made on such grounds, if heaven was opened to men of the primitive age because of their deserts, we must reflect that after that time no one was worthy of such honour; except it be, that there is now no longer such a place for any one to attain to. Let us grant that anciently men may have deserved heaven by reason of their great merits. Then let us consider whether there really was such merit. Let the man who alleges that it did exist declare his own view of merit. Since the actions of men done in the very infancy of time 6 are a valid claim for their deification, you consistently admitted to the honour the brother and sister who were stained with the sin of incest--Ops and Saturn. Your Jupiter too, stolen in his infancy, was unworthy of both the home and the nutriment accorded to human beings; and, as he deserved for so bad a child, he had to live in Crete. 7 Afterwards, when full-grown, he dethrones his own father, who, whatever his parental character may have been, was most prosperous in his reign, king as he was of the golden age. Under him, a stranger to toil and want, peace maintained its joyous and gentle sway; under him--
"Nulli subigebant arva coloni;" 8
"No swains would bring the fields beneath their sway;" 9
and without the importunity of any one the earth would bear all crops spontaneously. 10 But he hated a father who had been guilty of incest, and had once mutilated his 11 grandfather. And yet, behold, he himself marries his own sister; so that I should suppose the old adage was made for him: Tou patros to paidion--"Father's own child." There was "not a pin to choose" between the father's piety and the son's. If the laws had been just even at that early time, 12 Jupiter ought to have been "sewed up in both sacks." 13 After this corroboration of his lust with incestuous gratification, why should he hesitate to indulge himself lavishly in the lighter excesses of adultery and debauchery? Ever since 14 poetry sported thus with his character, in some such way as is usual when a runaway slave 15 is posted up in public, we have been in the habit of gossiping without restraint 16 of his tricks 17 in our chat with passers-by; 18 sometimes sketching him out in the form of the very money which was the fee of his debauchery--as when (he personated) a bull, or rather paid the money's worth of one, 19 and showered (gold) into the maiden's chamber, or rather forced his way in with a bribe; 20 sometimes (figuring him) in the very likenesses of the parts which were acted 21 --as the eagle which ravished (the beautiful youth), 22 and the swan which sang (the enchanting song). 23 Well now, are not such fables as these made up of the most disgusting intrigues and the worst of scandals? or would not the morals and tempers of men be likely to become wanton from such examples? In what manner demons, the offspring of evil angels who have been long engaged in their mission, have laboured to turn men 24 aside from the faith to unbelief and to such fables, we must not in this place speak of to any extent. As indeed the general body 25 (of your gods), which took their cue 26 from their kings, and princes, and instructors, 27 was not of the self-same nature, it was in some other way 28 that similarity of character was exacted by their authority. But how much the worst of them was he who (ought to have been, but) was not, the best of them? By a title peculiar to him, you are indeed in the habit of calling Jupiter "the Best," 29 whilst in Virgil he is "AEquus Jupiter." 30 All therefore were like him--incestuous towards their own kith and kin, unchaste to strangers, impious, unjust! Now he whom mythic story left untainted with no conspicuous infamy, was not worthy to be made a god.
Comp. The Apology, c. xi. [p. 27. Supra.] ↩
Allecti. ↩
This is not so terse as Tertullian's "nomen et numen." ↩
Praestare. ↩
Mancipem. ↩
In cunabulis temporalitatis. ↩
The ill-fame of the Cretans is noted by St. Paul, Tit. i. 12. ↩
Virgil, Georg. i. 125. ↩
Sewell. ↩
Ipsa. ↩
Jupiter's, of course. ↩
The law which prescribed the penalty of the paracide, that he be sewed up in a sack with an ape, a serpent, and a cock, and be thrown into the sea. ↩
In duos culleos dividi. ↩
De quo. ↩
De fugitivo. ↩
Abusui nundinare. ↩
The "operam ejus"=ingenia et artificia (Oehler). ↩
Percontationi alienae. ↩
In the case of Europa. ↩
In the case of Danäe. ↩
Similitudines actuum ipsas. ↩
In the case of Ganymede. ↩
In the case of Leda. ↩
Quos. ↩
Plebs. ↩
Morata. ↩
Proseminatoribus. ↩
Alibi. ↩
Optimum. ↩
There would seem to be a jest here; "aequus" is not only just but equal, i.e., "on a par with" others--in evil, of course, as well as good. ↩