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Against Praxeas
Chapter V.--The Evolution of the Son or Word of God from the Father by a Divine Procession. Illustrated by the Operation of the Human Thought and Consciousness.
But since they will have the Two to be but One, so that the Father shall be deemed to be the same as the Son, it is only right that the whole question respecting the Son should be examined, as to whether He exists, and who He is and the mode of His existence. Thus shall the truth itself 1 secure its own sanction 2 from the Scriptures, and the interpretations which guard 3 them. There are some who allege that even Genesis opens thus in Hebrew: "In the beginning God made for Himself a Son." 4 As there is no ground for this, I am led to other arguments derived from God's own dispensation, 5 in which He existed before the creation of the world, up to the generation of the Son. For before all things God was alone--being in Himself and for Himself universe, and space, and all things. Moreover, He was alone, because there was nothing external to Him but Himself. Yet even not then was He alone; for He had with Him that which He possessed in Himself, that is to say, His own Reason. For God is rational, and Reason was first in Him; and so all things were from Himself. This Reason is His own Thought (or Consciousness) 6 which the Greeks call logos, by which term we also designate Word or Discourse 7 and therefore it is now usual with our people, owing to the mere simple interpretation of the term, to say that the Word 8 was in the beginning with God; although it would be more suitable to regard Reason as the more ancient; because God had not Word 9 from the beginning, but He had Reason 10 even before the beginning; because also Word itself consists of Reason, which it thus proves to have been the prior existence as being its own substance. 11 Not that this distinction is of any practical moment. For although God had not yet sent out His Word, 12 He still had Him within Himself, both in company with and included within His very Reason, as He silently planned and arranged within Himself everything which He was afterwards about to utter 13 through His Word. Now, whilst He was thus planning and arranging with His own Reason, He was actually causing that to become Word which He was dealing with in the way of Word or Discourse. 14 And that you may the more readily understand this, consider first of all, from your own self, who are made "in the image and likeness of God," 15 for what purpose it is that you also possess reason in yourself, who are a rational creature, as being not only made by a rational Artificer, but actually animated out of His substance. Observe, then, that when you are silently conversing with yourself, this very process is carried on within you by your reason, which meets you with a word at every movement of your thought, at every impulse of your conception. Whatever you think, there is a word; whatever you conceive, there is reason. You must needs speak it in your mind; and while you are speaking, you admit speech as an interlocutor with you, involved in which there is this very reason, whereby, while in thought you are holding converse with your word, you are (by reciprocal action) producing thought by means of that converse with your word. Thus, in a certain sense, the word is a second person within you, through which in thinking you utter speech, and through which also, (by reciprocity of process,) in uttering speech you generate thought. The word is itself a different thing from yourself. Now how much more fully is all this transacted in God, whose image and likeness even you are regarded as being, inasmuch as He has reason within Himself even while He is silent, and involved in that Reason His Word! I may therefore without rashness first lay this down (as a fixed principle) that even then before the creation of the universe God was not alone, since He had within Himself both Reason, and, inherent in Reason, His Word, which He made second to Himself by agitating it within Himself.
Res ipsa. ↩
Formam, or shape. ↩
Patrocinantibus. ↩
See St. Jerome's Quaestt. Hebr. in Genesim, ii. 507. ↩
"Dispositio" means "mutual relations in the Godhead." See Bp. Bull's Def. Fid. Nicen., Oxford translation, p. 516. ↩
Sensus ipsius. ↩
Sermonem. [He always calls the Logos not Verbum, but Sermo, in this treatise. A masculine word was better to exhibit our author's thought. So Erasmus translates Logos in his N. Testament, on which see Kaye, p. 516.] ↩
Sermonen. ↩
Sermonalis. ↩
Rationalis. ↩
i.e., "Reason is manifestly prior to the Word, which it dictates" (Bp. Kaye, p. 501). ↩
Sermonem. ↩
Dicturus. Another reading is "daturus," about to give. ↩
Sermone. ↩
Gen. i. 26. ↩
Übersetzung
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Contre Praxéas
V.
Mais, puisque nos adversaires veulent que deux se confondent en un seul, de sorte que le Père soit le même que le Fils, il faut donc examiner à fond si le Fils existe, qui il est et comment il est. C'est déclarer que la discussion devra emprunter ses règles à l'autorité des Ecritures et à leur légitime interprétation. On prétend que la Genèse commence ainsi dans le texte hébraïque: «Dans le principe Dieu se créa un Fils.» Mais cette leçon n'est pas certaine, je l'accorde. Je tire mes arguments d'ailleurs, c'est-à-dire de l'économie qui existait en Dieu avant la création du monde, jusqu'au moment où il engendra un Fils. En effet, avant tout commencement Dieu existait seul; il était à lui-même son monde, son espace, et l'universalité des êtres. Il était seul, dans ce sens qu'en dehors de lui il n'y avait rien de créé. Au reste, on ne peut même pas dire qu'il fût seul. Il avait avec lui la personne qu'il avait en lui-même, c'est-à-dire sa Raison, puisque Dieu est raisonnable; la Raison était donc en lui auparavant, et ainsi tout émane de lui. Cette RAISON n'est pas autre chose que sa Sagesse. Les Grecs l'appellent du nom de Λόγος, qui chez nous équivaut à VERBE. De là vient que, parmi les nôtres, il est en usage de dire par une interprétation simple et abrégée; «Au commencement le Verbe était en Dieu,» quoiqu'il soit plus convenable d'attribuer l'antériorité à la Raison, puisque Dieu non-seulement produisit le Verbe dès le commencement, mais posséda la raison avant le commencement, et que le Verbe lui-même étant formé de la Raison, ne doit venir qu'après la Raison, sa substance. Toutefois, peu importe. Car, quoique Dieu n'eût pas encore engendré son Verbe, il ne laissait pas de l'avoir au fond de lui-même, avec et dans sa Raison, en méditant secrètement et en disposant avec lui-même ce qu'il allait dire par son Verbe. En méditant et en disposant avec la Raison, il transformait en Verbe celle qu'il traitait par son Verbe. Et pour le comprendre plus facilement, image et ressemblance de Dieu, reconnais auparavant, d'après toi-même, la Raison que tu portes au fond de toi-même, puisque tu es un être raisonnable, non-seulement créé par un être infiniment raisonnable, mais animé par sa substance. Regarde! Lorsque tu t'entretiens silencieusement en toi-même, cette opération intérieure n'a lieu que par la Raison, qui se présente à-toi en même temps que le Verbe, à chaque mouvement de ta pensée, à chaque impulsion de ton sentiment. Tout ce que tu as pensé est Verbe, tout ce que tu as senti est Raison. Il faut que tu te parles nécessairement au fond de ton ame; et en te parlant, tu as pour interlocuteur le Verbe dans lequel réside cette Raison elle-même, par laquelle tu parles, en pensant avec celui au moyen duquel tu penses en parlant. Il y a donc en toi-même, pour ainsi dire, un second Verbe, par lequel lu parles en pensant, et par lequel tu penses en parlant. Ce Verbe est un autre Verbe. Mais combien Dieu, dont tu es l'image et la ressemblance, n'aura-t-il pas plus pleinement en lui-même sa Raison, même lorsqu'il se tait, et dans sa Raison son Verbe? J'ai donc pu établir d'abord, sans rien hasarder, que Dieu avant la création de l'univers n'était pas seul, puisqu'il avait en lui-même sa Raison par conséquent, et dans sa raison son Verbe, qu'il engendrait le second après lui, en l'agitant au-dedans de lui-même.