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Werke Tertullian (160-220) De anima

Übersetzung ausblenden
A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.

When we aver that the soul has a body of a quality and kind peculiar to itself, in this special condition of it we shall be already supplied with a decision respecting all the other accidents of its corporeity; how that they belong to it, because we have shown it to be a body, but that even they have a quality peculiar to themselves, proportioned to the special nature of the body (to which they belong); or else, if any accidents (of a body) are remarkable in this instance for their absence, then this, too, results from the peculiarity of the condition of the soul's corporeity, from which are absent sundry qualities which are present to all other corporeal beings. And yet, notwithstanding all this, we shall not be at all inconsistent if we declare that the more usual characteristics of a body, such as invariably accrue to the corporeal condition, belong also to the soul--such as form 1 and limitation; and that triad of dimensions 2 --I mean length, and breadth and height--by which philosophers gauge all bodies. What now remains but for us to give the soul a figure? 3 Plato refuses to do this, as if it endangered the soul's immortality. 4 For everything which has figure is, according to him, compound, and composed of parts; 5 whereas the soul is immortal; and being immortal, it is therefore indissoluble; and being indissoluble, it is figureless: for if, on the contrary, it had figure, it would be of a composite and structural formation. He, however, in some other manner frames for the soul an effigy of intellectual forms, beautiful for its just symmetry and tuitions of philosophy, but misshapen by some contrary qualities. As for ourselves, indeed, we inscribe on the soul the lineaments of corporeity, not simply from the assurance which reasoning has taught us of its corporeal nature, but also from the firm conviction which divine grace impresses on us by revelation. For, seeing that we acknowledge spiritual charismata, or gifts, we too have merited the attainment of the prophetic gift, although coming after John (the Baptist). We have now amongst us a sister whose lot it has been to be favoured with sundry gifts of revelation, which she experiences in the Spirit by ecstatic vision amidst the sacred rites of the Lord's day in the church: she converses with angels, and sometimes even with the Lord; she both sees and hears mysterious communications; 6 some men's hearts she understands, and to them who are in need she distributes remedies. Whether it be in the reading of Scriptures, or in the chanting of psalms, or in the preaching of sermons, or in the offering up of prayers, in all these religious services matter and opportunity are afforded to her of seeing visions. It may possibly have happened to us, whilst this sister of ours was rapt in the Spirit, that we had discoursed in some ineffable way about the soul. After the people are dismissed at the conclusion of the sacred services, she is in the regular habit of reporting to us whatever things she may have seen in vision (for all her communications are examined with the most scrupulous care, in order that their truth may be probed). "Amongst other things," says she, "there has been shown to me a soul in bodily shape, and a spirit has been in the habit of appearing to me; not, however, a void and empty illusion, but such as would offer itself to be even grasped by the hand, soft and transparent and of an etherial colour, and in form resembling that of a human being in every respect." This was her vision, and for her witness there was God; and the apostle most assuredly foretold that there were to be "spiritual gifts" in the church. 7 Now, can you refuse to believe this, even if indubitable evidence on every point is forthcoming for your conviction? Since, then, the soul is a corporeal substance, no doubt it possesses qualities such as those which we have just mentioned, amongst them the property of colour, which is inherent in every bodily substance. Now what colour would you attribute to the soul but an etherial transparent one? Not that its substance is actually the ether or air (although this was the opinion of AEnesidemus and Anaximenes, and I suppose of Heraclitus also, as some say of him), nor transparent light (although Heraclides of Pontus held it to be so). "Thunder-stones," 8 indeed, are not of igneous substance, because they shine with ruddy redness; nor are beryls composed of aqueous matter, because they are of a pure wavy whiteness. How many things also besides these are there which their colour would associate in the same class, but which nature keeps widely apart! Since, however, everything which is very attenuated and transparent bears a strong resemblance to the air, such would be the case with the soul, since in its material nature 9 it is wind and breath, (or spirit); whence it is that the belief of its corporeal quality is endangered, in consequence of the extreme tenuity and subtilty of its essence. Likewise, as regards the figure of the human soul from your own conception, you can well imagine that it is none other than the human form; indeed, none other than the shape of that body which each individual soul animates and moves about. This we may at once be induced to admit from contemplating man's original formation. For only carefully consider, after God hath breathed upon the face of man the breath of life, and man had consequently become a living soul, surely that breath must have passed through the face at once into the interior structure, and have spread itself throughout all the spaces of the body; and as soon as by the divine inspiration it had become condensed, it must have impressed itself on each internal feature, which the condensation had filled in, and so have been, as it were, congealed in shape, (or stereotyped). Hence, by this densifying process, there arose a fixing of the soul's corporeity; and by the impression its figure was formed and moulded. This is the inner man, different from the outer, but yet one in the twofold condition. 10 It, too, has eyes and ears of its own, by means of which Paul must have heard and seen the Lord; 11 it has, moreover all the other members of the body by the help of which it effects all processes of thinking and all activity in dreams. Thus it happens that the rich man in hell has a tongue and poor (Lazarus) a finger and Abraham a bosom. 12 By these features also the souls of the martyrs under the altar are distinguished and known. The soul indeed which in the beginning was associated with Adam's body, which grew with its growth and was moulded after its form proved to be the germ both of the entire substance (of the human soul) and of that (part of) creation.


  1. Habitum. ↩

  2. Illud trifariam distantivum (Trichos diastematikon) Fr. Junius. ↩

  3. Effigiem. ↩

  4. See his Phaedo, pp. 105, 106. ↩

  5. Structile. ↩

  6. Sacramenta. ↩

  7. 1 Cor. xii. 1-11. [A key to our author's ↩

  8. Cerauniis gemmis. ↩

  9. Tradux. ↩

  10. Dupliciter unus. ↩

  11. 2 Cor. xii. 2-4. ↩

  12. Luke xvi. 23, 24. ↩

Übersetzung ausblenden
De l'âme

IX.

Puisque nous avançons que l'âme a un corps d'une nature qui lui est propre, et d'un genre à part, cette condition de sa propriété décidant à l'avance la question de tous les autres accidents, inhérents à un corps, il suit ou que ces accidents existent dans celle que nous avons démontrée être un corps, accidents particuliers en vertu de la propriété du corps; ou, s'ils n'y sont pas présents, que c'est là une propriété de l'âme de ne pas posséder les accidents que possèdent tous les autres corps. Toutefois nous déclarerons hardiment que les accidents les plus ordinaires et qui appartiennent le plus nécessairement à un corps, se trouvent aussi dans l'âme; tels que la forme et la limite; tels que les trois dimensions avec lesquelles les philosophes mesurent les corps, je veux dire la longueur, la largeur et la hauteur. Que nous reste-t-il maintenant, qu'à donner une figure à l'âme? Platon ne le veut pas, comme si l'immortalité de l'âme courait par là quelque péril. Tout ce qui a une figure, dit-il, est composé et formé de plusieurs pièces; or tout ce qui est composé et formé de plusieurs pièces est sujet à la dissolution. L'âme, au contraire, est immortelle; elle est donc indissoluble en tant qu'elle est immortelle, et sans figure en tant qu'indissoluble: au reste il la représente composée et formée de plusieurs pièces, puisqu'il lui donne une figure, mais une figure manifestée par des formes intellectuelles, belle par la |15 justice et les règles de la philosophie, hideuse par les qualités contraires. Pour nous, nous assignons à l'âme des linéaments corporels, non-seulement en raison de sa corporéité, par le raisonnement, mais d'après l'autorité de la grâce, par la révélation. En effet, comme nous reconnaissons les dons spirituels, nous avons mérité aussi, après Jean, d'obtenir la faveur de la prophétie. Il est aujourd'hui parmi nous une de nos sœurs douée du pouvoir des révélations que, ravie en extase, elle éprouve dans l'église, pendant le sacrifice du Seigneur; elle converse avec les anges, quelquefois avec le Seigneur lui-même; elle voit, elle entend les sacrements, elle lit dans les cœurs de quelques-uns, et donne des remèdes à ceux qui en ont besoin. Soit qu'on lise les Ecritures, soit qu'on chante des psaumes, soit qu'on adresse des allocutions à l'assemblée, ou qu'on accorde des demandes, partout elle trouve matière à ses visions. Il nous était arrivé de dire je ne sais quoi sur l'âme pendant que cette sœur était dans l'esprit. Après la célébration du sacrifice, le peuple étant déjà sorti, fidèle à la coutume où elle était de nous avertir de ce qu'elle avait vu (car on l'examine soigneusement afin d'en constater la vérité): « Entre autre choses, dit-elle, une âme s'est montrée à moi corporellement, et je voyais l'esprit, non pas dépourvu de consistance, sans forme aucune, mais sous une apparence qui permettait de la saisir, tendre, brillante, d'une couleur d'azur, et tout-à-fait humaine. » Voilà sa vision; Dieu en fut le témoin; elle a pour garant indubitable l'Apôtre qui promit à l'Eglise les dons sacrés. Ne croiras-tu pas enfin, si la chose elle-même te persuade de tous les côtés?

En effet, si l'âme est un corps, il faut le ranger sans doute parmi ceux que nous avons énoncés plus haut. Puisque la couleur est une propriété inhérente à tout corps, quelle autre couleur assigneras-tu à l'âme, qu'une couleur aérienne et brillante? Il ne s'ensuit pas toutefois que l'air soit sa substance elle-même, quoique l'aient ainsi |16 pensé Œnésidème, Anaximène, et aussi Heraclite, suivant quelques-uns. J'en dis autant de la lumière, quoique ce soit le sentiment d'Heraclite du Pont. La pierre de tonnerre n'est pas d'une substance ignée, parce que sa couleur est d'un rouge ardent; la matière du béryl n'est pas de l'eau, parce qu'il a une blancheur incertaine. Combien d'autres substances que la couleur rapproche, mais que sépare la nature! Mais comme tout corps délié et transparent, ressemble à l'air, voilà ce que sera l'âme, puisqu'elle est un souffle, et un esprit communiqué. Il est vrai que par la subtilité de ses formes, elle court risque de ne point passer pour un corps. Comprends donc, d'après ton propre jugement, qu'il ne faut assigner à l'âme humaine d'autre figure que la figure humaine, et même celle du corps qu'anime chacune d'elles. La contemplation du premier homme nous éclaire sur ce point. Souviens-toi que, « Dieu ayant soufflé un souffle de vie sur la face de l'homme, et l'homme ayant reçu une âme vivante! » ce souffle fut aussitôt transmis de la face dans l'intérieur, puis répandu dans toutes les parties du corps, et en même temps il se condensa sous la divine aspiration, et se comprima dans les limites corporelles qu'il avait remplies, comme s'il eût été jeté dans un moule. De là vient donc que le corps de l'âme prit une forme solide par la condensation et une figure par le moule qui le reçut. Celui-ci sera l'homme intérieur, l'autre l'homme extérieur, un, quoique double, ayant aussi ses yeux et ses oreilles, par lesquels le peuple aurait dû voir et entendre le Seigneur; ayant aussi tous les autres membres dont il se sert dans la réflexion et par lesquels il agit pendant le sommeil. Ainsi le riche a une langue dans les enfers, le pauvre un doigt, et Abraham un sein. C'est par ces traits que les âmes des martyrs se laissent apercevoir sous l'autel. En effet, l'âme placée dans Adam, dès la création, et prenant la configuration du corps, devint la semence de la substance et de la condition de toutes les âmes. |17

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A Treatise on the Soul
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Inhaltsangabe
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

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