• Home
  • Works
  • Introduction Guide Collaboration Sponsors / Collaborators Copyrights Contact Imprint
Bibliothek der Kirchenväter
Search
DE EN FR
Works Tertullian (160-220) De anima

Translation Hide
A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.

And here, therefore, we draw our conclusion, that all the natural properties of the soul are inherent in it as parts of its substance; and that they grow and develope along with it, from the very moment of its own origin at birth. Just as Seneca says, whom we so often find on our side: 1 "There are implanted within us the seeds of all the arts and periods of life. And God, our Master, secretly produces our mental dispositions;" that is, from the germs which are implanted and hidden in us by means of infancy, and these are the intellect: for from these our natural dispositions are evolved. Now, even the seeds of plants have, one form in each kind, but their development varies: some open and expand in a healthy and perfect state, while others either improve or degenerate, owing to the conditions of weather and soil, and from the appliance of labour and care; also from the course of the seasons, and from the occurrence of casual circumstances. In like manner, the soul may well be 2 uniform in its seminal origin, although multiform by the process of nativity. 3 And here local influences, too, must be taken into account. It has been said that dull and brutish persons are born at Thebes; and the most accomplished in wisdom and speech at Athens, where in the district of Colythus 4 children speak--such is the precocity of their tongue--before they are a month old. Indeed, Plato himself tells us, in the Timaeus, that Minerva, when preparing to found her great city, only regarded the nature of the country which gave promise of mental dispositions of this kind; whence he himself in The Laws instructs Megillus and Clinias to be careful in their selection of a site for building a city. Empedocles, however, places the cause of a subtle or an obtuse intellect in the quality of the blood, from which he derives progress and perfection in learning and science. The subject of national peculiarities has grown by this time into proverbial notoriety. Comic poets deride the Phrygians for their cowardice; Sallust reproaches the Moors for their levity, and the Dalmatians for their cruelty; even the apostle brands the Cretans as "liars." 5 Very likely, too, something must be set down to the score of bodily condition and the state of the health. Stoutness hinders knowledge, but a spare form stimulates it; paralysis prostrates the mind, a decline preserves it. How much more will those accidental circumstances have to be noticed, which, in addition to the state of one's body or one's health, tend to sharpen or to dull the intellect! It is sharpened by learned pursuits, by the sciences, the arts, by experimental knowledge, business habits, and studies; it is blunted by ignorance, idle habits, inactivity, lust, inexperience, listlessness, and vicious pursuits. Then, besides these influences, there must perhaps 6 be added the supreme powers. Now these are the supreme powers: according to our (Christian) notions, they are the Lord God and His adversary the devil; but according to men's general opinion about providence, they are fate and necessity; and about fortune, it is man's freedom of will. Even the philosophers allow these distinctions; whilst on our part we have already undertaken to treat of them, on the principles of the (Christian) faith, in a separate work. 7 It is evident how great must be the influences which so variously affect the one nature of the soul, since they are commonly regarded as separate "natures." Still they are not different species, but casual incidents of one nature and substance--even of that which God conferred on Adam, and made the mould of all (subsequent ones). Casual incidents will they always remain, but never will they become specific differences. However great, too, at present is the variety of men's maunders, it was not so in Adam, the founder of their race. But all these discordances ought to have existed in him as the fountainhead, and thence to have descended to us in an unimpaired variety, if the variety had been due to nature.


  1. Saepe noster. ↩

  2. Licebit. ↩

  3. Fetu. ↩

  4. Tertullian perhaps mentions this "demus" of Athens as the birthplace of Plato (Oehler). ↩

  5. Tit. i. 12. ↩

  6. Si et alia. ↩

  7. Tertullian wrote a work De Fato, which is lost. Fulgentius, p. 561, gives a quotation from it. ↩

Translation Hide
De l'âme

XX.

Ici donc nous concluons que toutes les facultés naturelles de l'âme, sont en elles-mêmes, comme inhérentes à sa substance, grandissant et se développant avec elle, à dater de sa naissance, ainsi que le dit Sénèque qui se rencontre souvent avec nous: « Les semences de tous les arts et de tous les âges sont déposées au fond de nous-mêmes. Dieu, notre maître intérieur, produit secrètement nos aptitudes, » c'est-à-dire les fait sortir des semences qu'il |40 a déposées en nous et cachées par l'enfance, qui sont l'intellect; car c'est de là que sortent nos aptitudes. Or, de même que chaque semence a sa forme distinctive et ses développements divers; que les unes parviennent à maturité; que les autres répondent encore mieux à la culture, tandis que celles-là dégénèrent d'après les conditions du climat et du sol, en vertu des travaux et des soins, suivant les vicissitudes des saisons, enfin par tous les événements qui peuvent survenir: de même il est permis de croire que l'âme, uniforme dans sa semence, est multiforme dans sa reproduction. Car ici, les lieux ne sont pas indifférents. On dit qu'à Thèbes, les hommes naissent grossiers et stupides; à Athènes, au contraire, ils apportent à la sagesse et à l'éloquence, un esprit des plus subtils. Dans le bourg de Colyte1, les enfants à peine âgés d'un mois articulent des mots avec une langue précoce. En effet, Platon affirme dans le Timée, que Minerve, prête à jeter les fondements de cette ville, ne considéra que la nature de la contrée, lui promettant ces aptitudes. Voilà pourquoi lui-même, dans ses Lois, conseille à Mégillus et à Clinias de choisir avec soin l'emplacement de la cité qu'ils voulaient fonder. Empédocle, au contraire, place dans la qualité du sang la cause, d'un esprit subtil ou épais: il fait sortir le perfectionnement et le progrès de la doctrine et de la méthode. Cependant les qualités qui caractérisent les nations font chose proverbiale. Les Comiques se moquent de la timidité des Phrygiens; Salluste reproche aux Maures leur mobilité, aux Dalmates leur cruauté. L'Apôtre attache lui-même aux Cretois la flétrissure de menteurs. Peut-être aussi le corps et la santé ont-ils quelque influence; l'embonpoint entrave la sagesse, les formes déliées l'activent; la |41 paralysie détruit l'intelligence, la phthisie la conserve: à plus forte raison, faudra-t-il tenir compte des circonstances qui, en dehors de l'embonpoint ou de la constitution, aiguisent ou émoussent l'esprit: les sciences, les méthodes, les arts, l'expérience, les affaires et les études, l'aiguisent; l'ignorance, la paresse, la nonchalance, la volupté, l'inexpérience, le repos, le vice, l'émoussent. Ajoutez à toutes ces circonstances, et à d'autres encore, les puissances qui commandent: suivant nous, le Seigneur Dieu et le démon son antagoniste; suivant l'opinion commune que l'on se fait de la Providence, le Destin, la Nécessité; ou de la fortune, la liberté du choix. Car les philosophes établissent ici des distinctions; et nous-mêmes, nous avons déjà discuté selon les règles de la foi chacun de ces articles dans un traité spécial2. On voit combien sont nombreuses les influences qui agissent diversement sur la nature unique de l'âme, de sorte que le vulgaire attribue à la nature, des choses qui ne sont pas des propriétés générales, mais de simples dissonnances d'une nature et d'une substance identique, à savoir de celle que Dieu plaça dans Adam et qu'il fit le moule de toutes les autres. Il faut donc y voir les accidents, mais non les propriétés d'une substance unique, si bien que cette variété morale, avec toutes ses modifications présentes, n'était pas aussi grande dans Adam, chef de toute sa race. Autrement toutes ces dissonnances auraient dû se trouver en lui, comme principe de notre nature, et de là descendre avec leur variété jusqu'à nous, s'il y avait eu diversité de nature.


  1. Colyte était la patrie de Platon. Diogène Laërce assure, dans la Vie de ce philosophe, qu'il parla de très-bonne heure, et que, dans le bourg où il était né, il n'était pas rare d'entendre parler des enfants qui avaient à peine un mois. Il y a évidemment exagération dans ces récits. ↩

  2. Ce livre que Tertullien annonce sur le Destin est perdu. Fulgence Placiade le mentionne ainsi: Nam et Tertullianus in libro quem de Fato scripsit, ita ait: Redde huic fati primum problematis mancipatum. ↩

  Print   Report an error
||
  • Show the text
  • Bibliographic Reference
  • Scans for this version
Editions of this Work
De Anima Compare
Translations of this Work
A Treatise on the Soul
De l'âme
Über die Seele. (BKV) Compare

Contents
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

Faculty of Theology, Patristics and History of the Early Church
Miséricorde, Av. Europe 20, CH 1700 Fribourg

© 2025 Gregor Emmenegger
Imprint
Privacy policy