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Werke Tertullian (160-220) De anima

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A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.

But the nature of my present inquiry obliges me to call the soul spirit or breath, because to breathe is ascribed to another substance. We, however, claim this (operation) for the soul, which we acknowledge to be an indivisible simple substance, and therefore we must call it spirit in a definitive sense--not because of its condition, but of its action; not in respect of its nature, but of its operation; because it respires, and not because it is spirit in any especial sense. 1 For to blow or breathe is to respire. So that we are driven to describe, by (the term which indicates this respiration--that is to say) spirit--the soul which we hold to be, by the propriety of its action, breath. Moreover, we properly and especially insist on calling it breath (or spirit), in opposition to Hermogenes, who derives the soul from matter instead of from the afflatus or breath of God. He, to be sure, goes flatly against the testimony of Scripture, and with this view converts breath into spirit, because he cannot believe that the (creature on which was breathed the) Spirit of God fell into sin, and then into condemnation; and therefore he would conclude that the soul came from matter rather than from the Spirit or breath of God. For this reason, we on our side even from that passage, maintain the soul to be breath and not the spirit, in the scriptural and distinctive sense of the spirit; and here it is with regret that we apply the term spirit at all in the lower sense, in consequence of the identical action of respiring and breathing. In that passage, the only question is about the natural substance; to respire being an act of nature. I would not tarry a moment longer on this point, were it not for those heretics who introduce into the soul some spiritual germ which passes my comprehension: (they make it to have been) conferred upon the soul by the secret liberality of her mother Sophia (Wisdom), without the knowledge of the Creator. 2 But (Holy) Scripture, which has a better knowledge of the soul's Maker, or rather God, has told us nothing more than that God breathed on man's face the breath of life, and that man became a living soul, by means of which he was both to live and breathe; at the same time making a sufficiently clear distinction between the spirit and the soul, 3 in such passages as the following, wherein God Himself declares: "My Spirit went forth from me, and I made the breath of each. And the breath of my Spirit became soul." 4 And again: "He giveth breath unto the people that are on the earth, and Spirit to them that walk thereon." 5 First of all there comes the (natural) soul, that is to say, the breath, to the people that are on the earth,--in other words, to those who act carnally in the flesh; then afterwards comes the Spirit to those who walk thereon,--that is, who subdue the works of the flesh; because the apostle also says, that "that is not first which is spiritual, but that which is natural, (or in possession of the natural soul,) and afterward that which is spiritual." 6 For, inasmuch as Adam straightway predicted that "great mystery of Christ and the church," 7 when he said, "This now is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they two shall become one flesh," 8 he experienced the influence of the Spirit. For there fell upon him that ecstasy, which is the Holy Ghost's operative virtue of prophecy. And even the evil spirit too is an influence which comes upon a man. Indeed, the Spirit of God not more really "turned Saul into another man," 9 that is to say, into a prophet, when "people said one to another, What is this which is come to the son of Kish? Is Saul also among the prophets?" 10 than did the evil spirit afterwards turn him into another man--in other words, into an apostate. Judas likewise was for a long time reckoned among the elect (apostles), and was even appointed to the office of their treasurer; he was not yet the traitor, although he was become fraudulent; but afterwards the devil entered into him. Consequently, as the spirit neither of God nor of the devil is naturally planted with a man's soul at his birth, this soul must evidently exist apart and alone, previous to the accession to it of either spirit: if thus apart and alone, it must also be simple and uncompounded as regards its substance; and therefore it cannot respire from any other cause than from the actual condition of its own substance.


  1. Proprie "by reason of its nature." ↩

  2. See the tract Adv. Valentin., c. xxv. infra. ↩

  3. Compare Adv. Hermog. xxxii. xxxiii.; also Irenaeus, v. 12, 17. [See Vol. I. p. 527, this Series.] ↩

  4. Tertullian's reading of Isa. lvii. 16. ↩

  5. Isa. xlii. 5. ↩

  6. 1 Cor. xv. 46. ↩

  7. Eph. v. 31, 32. ↩

  8. Gen. ii. 24, 25. ↩

  9. 1 Sam. x. 6. ↩

  10. 1 Sam. x. 11. ↩

Übersetzung ausblenden
De l'âme

XI.

Mais l'ordre de la question présente me force d'expliquer dans quel sens je dis que l'âme est un esprit, parce |20 que la respiration appartient à une autre substance: en attribuant cette propriété à l'âme que nous reconnoissons simple et uniforme, il est nécessaire de déterminer les conditions de cet esprit, esprit non pas dans son essence, mais dans ses œuvres, non pas à titre de nature, mais à titre d'effet, parce qu'il respire, et non parce qu'il est proprement esprit. Car souffler, c'est respirer. Ainsi cette même âme, que nous soutenons être un souffle, en vertu de sa propriété, nous la déclarons en ce moment un esprit, en vertu de la nécessité. D'ailleurs nous prouvons contre Hermogène qui lui donne pour origine la matière et non le souffle de Dieu, qu'elle est à proprement parler un souffle. L'hérétique en effet, au mépris de l'autorité de l'Ecriture, traduit souffle par esprit, afin que, comme il est incroyable que l'esprit de Dieu tombe dans la prévarication et bientôt après dans le jugement, on en conclue que l'âme provient de la matière, plutôt que de l'esprit de Dieu. Voilà pourquoi ailleurs nous l'avons déclarée un souffle, et non un esprit, avec l'Ecriture et d'après la distinction de l'esprit, tandis que dans ce moment nous la nommons à regret un esprit, à cause de la réciprocité de la respiration et du souffle. Ailleurs, la question roulait sur la substance; car respirer est un acte de la substance.

Je ne m'arrêterais pas plus long-temps sur ce point, si ce n'était à cause des hérétiques qui introduisent dans l'âme, je ne sais quelle semence spirituelle, conférée par la secrète libéralité de la Sagesse, sa mère, et à l'insu de son auteur, tandis que l'Ecriture, qui sait un peu mieux les secrets de son Dieu et de son auteur, n'a rien promulgué de plus que ces mots: « Dieu souffla sur la face de l'homme un souffle de vie, et l'homme eut une âme vivante, » par laquelle il dut vivre désormais et respirer, faisant assez connaître la différence de l'âme et de l'esprit, dans les passages suivants, où Dieu lui-même parle ainsi: « L'esprit est sorti de moi, et j'ai créé toute espèce de souffles; » en effet l'âme est un souffle né de l'esprit; |21 et ailleurs: « Il a envoyé à son peuple sur la terre son souffle, et son esprit à ceux qui foulent aux pieds la terre. » Il communique d'abord l'âme, c'est-à-dire le souffle, au peuple qui marche sur la terre, c'est-à-dire qui vit charnellement dans la chair; puis, l'esprit à ceux qui foulent aux pieds la terre, c'est-à-dire, qui triomphent des œuvres de la chair, puisque l'Apôtre dit lui-même: « Ce n'est pas le premier corps qui est spirituel, c'est le corps animal; après lui, vient le spirituel. » Car quoique par ces paroles: « Voilà maintenant l'os de mes os, et la chair de ma chair; c'est pourquoi l'homme quittera son père et sa mère, et s'attachera à sa femme, et ils seront deux dans une seule chair, » Adam ait prophétisé sur-le-champ, « que ce sacrement était grand et qu'il signifiait le Christ et l'Eglise, » Adam fut momentanément ravi en esprit. L'extase, cette vertu de l'Esprit saint, qui opère la prophétie, descendit sur lui; car l'esprit mauvais n'est de même qu'un accident passager. Enfin, l'esprit de Dieu convertit autant dans la suite Saül « en un autre homme, » c'est-à-dire en prophète, lorsqu'il a été dit: « Qu'est-il arrivé au Fils de Cis? Saül aussi est-il prophète? » que l'esprit malfaisant le changea plus tard en un autre homme, c'est-à-dire en apostat. Le démon entra aussi dans Judas, qui fut compté pendant quelque temps parmi les élus, jusqu'à ce qu'il fût chargé de la bourse, déjà voleur, mais non encore souillé de trahison. Conséquemment si l'esprit de Dieu, ni l'esprit du démon n'est semé avec l'âme au moment de la naissance, il est donc reconnu qu'elle est seule, avant l'arrivée de l'un ou de l'autre esprit. S'il est établi qu'elle est seule, il en résulte encore qu'elle est simple, uniforme, et qu'elle ne respire par aucun autre principe, que par la condition même de sa substance.

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A Treatise on the Soul
De l'âme
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Inhaltsangabe
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

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