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Werke Tertullian (160-220) De anima

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A Treatise on the Soul

Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.

Let us therefore first discuss the question of sleep, and afterwards in what way the soul encounters 1 death. Now sleep is certainly not a supernatural thing, as some philosophers will have it be, when they suppose it to be the result of causes which appear to be above nature. The Stoics affirm sleep to be "a temporary suspension of the activity of the senses;" 2 the Epicureans define it as an intermission of the animal spirit; Anaxagoras and Xenophanes as a weariness of the same; Empedocles and Parmenides as a cooling down thereof; Strato as a separation of the (soul's) connatural spirit; Democritus as the soul's indigence; Aristotle as the interruption 3 of the heat around the heart. As for myself, I can safely say that I have never slept in such a way as to discover even a single one of these conditions. Indeed, we cannot possibly believe that sleep is a weariness; it is rather the opposite, for it undoubtedly removes weariness, and a person is refreshed by sleep instead of being fatigued. Besides, sleep is not always the result of fatigue; and even when it is, the fatigue continues no longer. Nor can I allow that sleep is a cooling or decaying of the animal heat, for our bodies derive warmth from sleep in such a way that the regular dispersion of the food by means of sleep could not so easily go on if there were too much heat to accelerate it unduly, or cold to retard it, if sleep had the alleged refrigerating influence. There is also the further fact that perspiration indicates an over-heated digestion; and digestion is predicated of us as a process of concoction, which is an operation concerned with heat and not with cold. In like manner, the immortality of the soul precludes belief in the theory that sleep is an intermission of the animal spirit, or an indigence of the spirit, or a separation of the (soul's) connatural spirit. The soul perishes if it undergoes diminution or intermission. Our only resource, indeed, is to agree with the Stoics, by determining the soul to be a temporary suspension of the activity of the senses, procuring rest for the body only, not for the soul also. For the soul, as being always in motion, and always active, never succumbs to rest,--a condition which is alien to immortality: for nothing immortal admits any end to its operation; but sleep is an end of operation. It is indeed on the body, which is subject to mortality, and on the body alone, that sleep graciously bestows 4 a cessation from work. He, therefore, who shall doubt whether sleep is a natural function, has the dialectical experts calling in question the whole difference between things natural and supernatural--so that what things he supposed to be beyond nature he may, (if he likes,) be safe in assigning to nature, which indeed has made such a disposition of things, that they may seemingly be accounted as beyond it; and so, of course, all things are natural or none are natural, (as occasion requires.) With us (Christians), however, only that can receive a hearing which is suggested by contemplating God, the Author of all the things which we are now discussing. For we believe that nature, if it is anything, is a reasonable work of God. Now reason presides over sleep; for sleep is so fit for man, so useful, so necessary, that were it not for it, not a soul could provide agency for recruiting the body, for restoring its energies, for ensuring its health, for supplying suspension from work and remedy against labour, and for the legitimate enjoyment of which day departs, and night provides an ordinance by taking from all objects their very colour. Since, then, sleep is indispensable to our life, and health, and succour, there can be nothing pertaining to it which is not reasonable, and which is not natural. Hence it is that physicians banish beyond the gateway of nature everything which is contrary to what is vital, healthful, and helpful to nature; for those maladies which are inimical to sleep--maladies of the mind and of the stomach--they have decided to be contrariant to nature, and by such decision have determined as its corollary that sleep is perfectly natural. Moreover, when they declare that sleep is not natural in the lethargic state, they derive their conclusion from the fact that it is natural when it is in its due and regular exercise. For every natural state is impaired either by defect or by excess, whilst it is maintained by its proper measure and amount. That, therefore, will be natural in its condition which may be rendered non-natural by defect or by excess. Well, now, what if you were to remove eating and drinking from the conditions of nature? if in them lies the chief incentive to sleep. It is certain that, from the very beginning of his nature, man was impressed with these instincts (of sleep). 5 If you receive your instruction from God, (you will find) that the fountain of the human race, Adam, had a taste of drowsiness before having a draught of repose; slept before he laboured, or even before he ate, nay, even before he spoke; in order that men may see that sleep is a natural feature and function, and one which has actually precedence over all the natural faculties. From this primary instance also we are led to trace even then the image of death in sleep. For as Adam was a figure of Christ, Adam's sleep shadowed out the death of Christ, who was to sleep a mortal slumber, that from the wound inflicted on His side might, in like manner (as Eve was formed), be typified the church, the true mother of the living. This is why sleep is so salutary, so rational, and is actually formed into the model of that death which is general and common to the race of man. God, indeed, has willed (and it may be said in passing that He has, generally, in His dispensations brought nothing to pass without such types and shadows) to set before us, in a manner more fully and completely than Plato's example, by daily recurrence the outlines of man's state, especially concerning the beginning and the termination thereof; thus stretching out the hand to help our faith more readily by types and parables, not in words only, but also in things. He accordingly sets before your view the human body stricken by the friendly power of slumber, prostrated by the kindly necessity of repose immoveable in position, just as it lay previous to life, and just as it will lie after life is past: there it lies as an attestation of its form when first moulded, and of its condition when at last buried--awaiting the soul in both stages, in the former previous to its bestowal, in the latter after its recent withdrawal. Meanwhile the soul is circumstanced in such a manner as to seem to be elsewhere active, learning to bear future absence by a dissembling of its presence for the moment. We shall soon know the case of Hermotimus. But yet it dreams in the interval. Whence then its dreams? The fact is, it cannot rest or be idle altogether, nor does it confine to the still hours of sleep the nature of its immortality. It proves itself to possess a constant motion; it travels over land and sea, it trades, it is excited, it labours, it plays, it grieves, it rejoices, it follows pursuits lawful and unlawful; it shows what very great power it has even without the body, how well equipped it is with members of its own, although betraying at the same time the need it has of impressing on some body its activity again. Accordingly, when the body shakes off its slumber, it asserts before your eye the resurrection of the dead by its own resumption of its natural functions. Such, therefore, must be both the natural reason and the reasonable nature of sleep. If you only regard it as the image of death, you initiate faith, you nourish hope, you learn both how to die and how to live, you learn watchfulness, even while you sleep.


  1. Decurrat. ↩

  2. So Bp. Kaye, p. 195. ↩

  3. Marcorem, "the decay." ↩

  4. Adulatur. ↩

  5. Gen. ii. 21. ↩

Übersetzung ausblenden
De l'âme

XLIII.

Discutons d'abord sur le sommeil; nous chercherons ensuite ce que devient l'âme après la mort. Le sommeil n'est pas quelque chose de surnaturel, comme il plaît à certains philosophes de le soutenir, lorsqu'ils lui assignent pour cause des raisons en dehors de la nature. Les stoïciens voient dans le sommeil l'affaissement de la vigueur des sens; les épicuriens, la diminution de l'esprit animal; Anaxagore avec Xénophane, une défaillance; Empédocle et Parménide, un refroidissement; Straton, la séparation de l'esprit né avec l'homme; Démocrite, un dénuement d'esprit; Aristote, un engourdissement de la chaleur qui environne le cœur. Pour moi, je ne crois pas avoir jamais dormi de manière à reconnaître quelqu'une de ces assertions. En effet, je n'irai pas croire que la défaillance soit le sommeil, qui est plutôt l'opposé de la défaillance, qu'il fait disparaître. Il est vrai de dire que l'homme est plutôt fortifié que fatigué par le sommeil. D'ailleurs, le sommeil ne naît pas toujours à la suite de la fatigue; et cependant quand il vient d'elle, elle n'existe plus. Je n'admettrai pas davantage le refroidissement, ni un engourdissement de la chaleur qui environne le cœur, puisque les corps s'échauffent tellement par le sommeil, que la répartition des aliments pendant le sommeil ne s'exécuterait pas aisément par une chaleur précipitée, pas plus que par les lenteurs du refroidissement, si le sommeil nous refroidissait. Il y a plus. La sueur est le témoignage d'une digestion brûlante. Enfin on dit que l'estomac cuit les aliments, ce qui est un effet de la chaleur et non du froid. Par conséquent, l'immortalité de l'âme ne nous permet de croire ni à une diminution de l'esprit animal, ni à la rareté de l'esprit, ni à la séparation de l'esprit né avec nous; l'âme périt si on l'amoindrit. |86

Il reste à examiner si nous pouvons dire avec les stoïciens que le sommeil est le relâchement de la vigueur des sens, puisqu'il n'amène que le repos du corps et non celui de l'âme. L'âme, en effet, toujours active, toujours en exercice, ne succombe jamais au repos, chose étrangère à l'essence de l'immortalité; car rien de ce qui est immortel n'admet la fin de son action; or le sommeil est la fin de l'action. En un mot, le corps, soumis à la mortalité, est le seul dont l'action soit interrompue par le repos. Celui donc qui doutera que le sommeil soit conforme à la nature, a déjà, il est vrai, les philosophes qui révoquent en doute, la distinction entre les choses naturelles et extra-naturelles, pour lui apprendre qu'il peut attribuer à la nature les choses qu'il estimait hors de la nature, parce qu'elle leur a donné un mode d'existence, tel qu'elles paraissent en dehors de la nature, et conséquemment ou toutes naturelles, ou toutes contraires à la nature. Mais chez nous il pourra entendre ce que suggère la contemplation de Dieu, auteur de tout ce qui est l'objet de la discussion. Nous croyons en effet que la nature, si elle est quelque chose, est une œuvre raisonnable de Dieu. Or, la sagesse préside au sommeil, qui est si favorable, si utile, si nécessaire, qu'aucune âme ne subsiste long-temps sans lui. N'est-ce pas lui qui répare les corps, renouvelle les forces, témoigne de la santé, suspend les travaux, guérit les fatigues? N'est-ce pas pour que nous en goûtions les légitimes douceurs que le jour disparaît et que la nuit revient régulièrement, enlevant même aux objets leur couleur? Que si le sommeil est chose vitale, salutaire, secourable, il n'y a rien de ce genre qui ne soit raisonnable, rien qui ne soit naturel. Ainsi les médecins relèguent hors des limites de la nature tout ce qui est le contraire d'une chose vitale, salutaire, secourable. Car en déclarant que les affections frénétique et cardiaque, opposées au sommeil, sont en dehors de la nature, ils ont décidé d'avance que le sommeil était conforme à la nature. De plus, en remarquant qu'il n'était |87 pas naturel dans la léthargie, ils attestent avec nous que le sommeil est naturel lorsqu'il est dans ses conditions. Toute propriété naturelle, en effet, s'anéantit par défaut ou par excès, tandis qu'elle se conserve dans les limites de sa mesure. Ainsi une chose sera naturelle dans son essence, qui cessera de l'être si elle s'affaiblit ou s'exagère. Qu'arrivera-t-il, si vous retranchez l'aliment et la boisson des lois de la nature? car la préparation au sommeil est là principalement. Il est certain que l'homme en fut comme rassasié dès le commencement de sa nature. Si tu cherches à t'instruire auprès de Dieu, tu verras Adam, principe du genre humain, goûter le sommeil avant de soupirer après le repos, s'endormir avant d'avoir vaqué au travail, que dis-je? avant d'avoir mangé, avant d'avoir parlé, afin de nous apprendre que le sommeil naturel est une faculté qui domine toutes les autres facultés naturelles.

De là vient que nous regardons le sommeil, même alors, comme une image de la mort. Si, en effet, Adam figurait le Christ, le sommeil d'Adam était la mort du Christ dormant un jour dans la mort, afin que l'Eglise, véritable mère des vivants, fût figurée par la blessure qui ouvrit son côté. Voilà pourquoi un sommeil si silutaire, si rationnel, est pris déjà pour modèle de la mort commune au genre humain. Dieu, qui d'ailleurs n'a rien établi dans ses dispensations qui n'ait sa figure, a voulu, d'après le paradigme de Platon, ébaucher tous les jours plus complètement sous nos yeux le dessein de l'origine et de la fin humaines, tendant ainsi la main à notre foi, afin de lui venir mieux en aide par des images et des paraboles, dans les discours comme dans les choses. Il expose donc à tes regards le corps brisé par la puissance bienfaisante du sommeil, abattu par l'agréable nécessité du repos, dans un état d'immobilité tel qu'il fut gisant avant de vivre, tel qu'il sera gisant après la mort, témoignage de sa formation et de sa sépulture, et attendant l'âme, comme s'il ne l'avait pas encore, ou qu'elle lui fût déjà retirée. Mais |88 l'âme est affectée de telle sorte qu'elle semble exercer ailleurs son activité, apprenant ainsi à s'absenter un jour en dissimulant déjà sa présence; toutefois elle rêve pendant cet intervalle sans se reposer, sans se livrer à l'inaction, sans asservir au joug du sommeil sa nature immortelle. Elle prouve qu'elle est toujours mobile; sur terre, sur mer, elle voyage, commerce, s'agite, travaille, joue, se plaint, se réjouit, poursuit ce qui est licite et ce qui ne l'est pas, montre que, même sans le corps, elle peut beaucoup, parce qu'elle est pourvue de ses organes, mais éprouve néanmoins la nécessité d'imprimer de nouveau le mouvement au corps. Ainsi le corps, rendu à ses fonctions lorsqu'il s'éveille, te confirme la résurrection des morts. Telle sera la raison naturelle et la nature raisonnable du sommeil. Jusque par l'image de la mort, tu es initié à la foi, tu nourris l'espérance, tu apprends à mourir et à vivre, tu apprends à veiller pendant que tu dors.

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Inhaltsangabe
  • A Treatise on the Soul.
    • Chapter I.--It is Not to the Philosophers that We Resort for Information About the Soul But to God.
    • Chapter II.--The Christian Has Sure and Simple Knowledge Concerning the Subject Before Us.
    • Chapter III.--The Soul's Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.
    • Chapter IV.--In Opposition to Plato, the Soul Was Created and Originated at Birth.
    • Chapter V.--Probable View of the Stoics, that the Soul Has a Corporeal Nature.
    • Chapter VI.--The Arguments of the Platonists for the Soul's Incorporeality, Opposed, Perhaps Frivolously.
    • Chapter VII.--The Soul's Corporeality Demonstrated Out of the Gospels.
    • Chapter VIII.--Other Platonist Arguments Considered.
    • Chapter IX.--Particulars of the Alleged Communication to a Montanist Sister.
    • Chapter X.--The Simple Nature of the Soul is Asserted with Plato. The Identity of Spirit and Soul.
    • Chapter XI.--Spirit--A Term Expressive of an Operation of the Soul, Not of Its Nature. To Be Carefully Distinguished from the Spirit of God.
    • Chapter XII.--Difference Between the Mind and the Soul, and the Relation Between Them.
    • Chapter XIII.--The Soul's Supremacy.
    • Chapter XIV.--The Soul Variously Divided by the Philosophers; This Division is Not a Material Dissection.
    • Chapter XV.--The Soul's Vitality and Intelligence. Its Character and Seat in Man.
    • Chapter XVI.--The Soul's Parts. Elements of the Rational Soul.
    • Chapter XVII.--The Fidelity of the Senses, Impugned by Plato, Vindicated by Christ Himself.
    • Chapter XVIII.--Plato Suggested Certain Errors to the Gnostics. Functions of the Soul.
    • Chapter XIX.--The Intellect Coeval with the Soul in the Human Being. An Example from Aristotle Converted into Evidence Favourable to These Views.
    • Chapter XX.--The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.
    • Chapter XXI.--As Free-Will Actuates an Individual So May His Character Change.
    • Chapter XXII.--Recapitulation. Definition of the Soul.
    • Chapter XXIII.--The Opinions of Sundry Heretics Which Originate Ultimately with Plato.
    • Chapter XXIV.--Plato's Inconsistency. He Supposes the Soul Self-Existent, Yet Capable of Forgetting What Passed in a Previous State.
    • Chapter XXV.--Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth.
    • Chapter XXVI.--Scripture Alone Offers Clear Knowledge on the Questions We Have Been Controverting.
    • Chapter XXVII.--Soul and Body Conceived, Formed and Perfected in Element Simultaneously.
    • Chapter XXVIII.--The Pythagorean Doctrine of Transmigration Sketched and Censured.
    • Chapter XXIX.--The Pythagorean Doctrine Refuted by Its Own First Principle, that Living Men are Formed from the Dead.
    • Chapter XXX.--Further Refutation of the Pythagorean Theory. The State of Contemporary Civilisation.
    • Chapter XXXI.--Further Exposure of Transmigration, Its Inextricable Embarrassment.
    • Chapter XXXII.--Empedocles Increased the Absurdity of Pythagoras by Developing the Posthumous Change of Men into Various Animals.
    • Chapter XXXIII.--The Judicial Retribution of These Migrations Refuted with Raillery.
    • Chapter XXXIV.--These Vagaries Stimulated Some Profane Corruptions of Christianity. The Profanity of Simon Magus Condemned.
    • Chapter XXXV.--The Opinions of Carpocrates, Another Offset from the Pythagorean Dogmas, Stated and Confuted.
    • Chapter XXXVI.--The Main Points of Our Author's Subject. On the Sexes of the Human Race.
    • Chapter XXXVII.--On the Formation and State of the Embryo. Its Relation with the Subject of This Treatise.
    • Chapter XXXVIII.--On the Growth of the Soul. Its Maturity Coincident with the Maturity of the Flesh in Man.
    • Chapter XXXIX.--The Evil Spirit Has Marred the Purity of the Soul from the Very Birth.
    • Chapter XL.--The Body of Man Only Ancillary to the Soul in the Commission of Evil.
    • Chapter XLI.--Notwithstanding the Depravity of Man's Soul by Original Sin, There is Yet Left a Basis Whereon Divine Grace Can Work for Its Recovery by Spiritual Regeneration.
    • Chapter XLII.--Sleep, the Mirror of Death, as Introductory to the Consideration of Death.
    • Chapter XLIII.--Sleep a Natural Function as Shown by Other Considerations, and by the Testimony of Scripture.
    • Chapter XLIV.--The Story of Hermotimus, and the Sleeplessness of the Emperor Nero. No Separation of the Soul from the Body Until Death.
    • Chapter XLV.--Dreams, an Incidental Effect of the Soul's Activity. Ecstasy.
    • Chapter XLVI.--Diversity of Dreams and Visions. Epicurus Thought Lightly of Them, Though Generally Most Highly Valued. Instances of Dreams.
    • Chapter XLVII.--Dreams Variously Classified. Some are God-Sent, as the Dreams of Nebuchadnezzar; Others Simply Products of Nature.
    • Chapter XLVIII.--Causes and Circumstances of Dreams. What Best Contributes to Efficient Dreaming.
    • Chapter XLIX.--No Soul Naturally Exempt from Dreams.
    • Chapter L.--The Absurd Opinion of Epicurus and the Profane Conceits of the Heretic Menander on Death, Even Enoch and Elijah Reserved for Death.
    • Chapter LI.--Death Entirely Separates the Soul from the Body.
    • Chapter LII.--All Kinds of Death a Violence to Nature, Arising from Sin.--Sin an Intrusion Upon Nature as God Created It.
    • Chapter LIII.--The Entire Soul Being Indivisible Remains to the Last Act of Vitality; Never Partially or Fractionally Withdrawn from the Body.
    • Chapter LIV.--Whither Does the Soul Retire When It Quits the Body? Opinions of Philosophers All More or Less Absurd. The Hades of Plato.
    • Chapter LV.--The Christian Idea of the Position of Hades; The Blessedness of Paradise Immediately After Death. The Privilege of the Martyrs.
    • Chapter LVI.--Refutation of the Homeric View of the Soul's Detention from Hades Owing to the Body's Being Unburied. That Souls Prematurely Separated from the Body Had to Wait for Admission into Hades Also Refuted.
    • Chapter LVII.--Magic and Sorcery Only Apparent in Their Effects. God Alone Can Raise the Dead.
    • Chapter LVIII.--Conclusion. Points Postponed. All Souls are Kept in Hades Until the Resurrection, Anticipating Their Ultimate Misery or Bliss.

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