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On the Flesh of Christ
Chapter III.--Christ's Nativity Both Possible and Becoming. The Heretical Opinion of Christ's Apparent Flesh Deceptive and Dishonourable to God, Even on Marcion's Principles.
Since 1 you think that this lay within the competency of your own arbitrary choice, you must needs have supposed that being born 2 was either impossible for God, or unbecoming to Him. With God, however, nothing is impossible but what He does not will. Let us consider, then, whether He willed to be born (for if He had the will, He also had the power, and was born). I put the argument very briefly. If God had willed not to be born, it matters not why, He would not have presented Himself in the likeness of man. Now who, when he sees a man, would deny that he had been born? What God therefore willed not to be, He would in no wise have willed the seeming to be. When a thing is distasteful, the very notion 3 of it is scouted; because it makes no difference whether a thing exist or do not exist, if, when it does not exist, it is yet assumed to exist. It is of course of the greatest importance that there should be nothing false (or pretended) attributed to that which really does not exist. 4 But, say you, His own consciousness (of the truth of His nature) was enough for Him. If any supposed that He had been born, because they saw Him as a man, that was their concern. 5 Yet with how much more dignity and consistency would He have sustained the human character on the supposition that He was truly born; for if He were not born, He could not have undertaken the said character without injury to that consciousness of His which you on your side attribute to His confidence of being able to sustain, although not born, the character of having been born even against! His own consciousness! 6 Why, I want to know, 7 was it of so much importance, that Christ should, when perfectly aware what He really was, exhibit Himself as being that which He was not? You cannot express any apprehension that, 8 if He had been born and truly clothed Himself with man's nature, He would have ceased to be God, losing what He was, while becoming what He was not. For God is in no danger of losing His own state and condition. But, say you, I deny that God was truly changed to man in such wise as to be born and endued with a body of flesh, on this ground, that a being who is without end is also of necessity incapable of change. For being changed into something else puts an end to the former state. Change, therefore, is not possible to a Being who cannot come to an end. Without doubt, the nature of things which are subject to change is regulated by this law, that they have no permanence in the state which is undergoing change in them, and that they come to an end from thus wanting permanence, whilst they lose that in the process of change which they previously were. But nothing is equal with God; His nature is different 9 from the condition of all things. If, then, the things which differ from God, and from which God differs, lose what existence they had whilst they are undergoing change, wherein will consist the difference of the Divine Being from all other things except in His possessing the contrary faculty of theirs,--in other words, that God can be changed into all conditions, and yet continue just as He is? On any other supposition, He would be on the same level with those things which, when changed, lose the existence they had before; whose equal, of course, He is not in any other respect, as He certainly is not in the changeful issues 10 of their nature. You have sometimes read and believed that the Creator's angels have been changed into human form, and have even borne about so veritable a body, that Abraham even washed their feet, 11 and Lot was rescued from the Sodomites by their hands; 12 an angel, moreover, wrestled with a man so strenuously with his body, that the latter desired to be let loose, so tightly was he held. 13 Has it, then, been permitted to angels, which are inferior to God, after they have been changed into human bodily form, 14 nevertheless to remain angels? and will you deprive God, their superior, of this faculty, as if Christ could not continue to be God, after His real assumption of the nature of man? Or else, did those angels appear as phantoms of flesh? You will not, however, have the courage to say this; for if it be so held in your belief, that the Creator's angels are in the same condition as Christ, then Christ will belong to the same God as those angels do, who are like Christ in their condition. If you had not purposely rejected in some instances, and corrupted in others, the Scriptures which are opposed to your opinion, you would have been confuted in this matter by the Gospel of John, when it declares that the Spirit descended in the body 15 of a dove, and sat upon the Lord. 16 When the said Spirit was in this condition, He was as truly a dove as He was also a spirit; nor did He destroy His own proper substance by the assumption of an extraneous substance. But you ask what becomes of the dove's body, after the return of the Spirit back to heaven, and similarly in the case of the angels. Their withdrawal was effected in the same manner as their appearance had been. If you had seen how their production out of nothing had been effected, you would have known also the process of their return to nothing. If the initial step was out of sight, so was also the final one. Still there was solidity in their bodily substance, whatever may have been the force by which the body became visible. What is written cannot but have been.
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Quatenus. ↩
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Nativitatem. ↩
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Opinio. ↩
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If Christ's flesh was not real, the pretence of it was wholly wrong. ↩
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Viderint homines. ↩
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It did not much matter (according to the view which Tertullian attributes to Marcion) if God did practise deception in affecting the assumption of a humanity which He knew to be unreal. Men took it to be real, and that answered every purpose. God knew better: and He was moreover, strong enough to obviate all inconveniences of the deception by His unfaltering fortitude, etc. All this, however, seemed to Tertullian to be simply damaging and perilous to the character of God, even from Marcion's own point of view. ↩
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Edoce. ↩
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Non potes dicere ne, etc. ↩
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Distat. ↩
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In exitu conversionis. ↩
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Gen. xviii. ↩
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Gen. xix. ↩
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Gen. xxxii. ↩
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See below in chap. vi. and in the Anti-Marcion, iii. 9. ↩
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Corpore. ↩
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Matt. iii. 16. ↩
Übersetzung
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De la chair de Jesus-Christ
III.
Pour que tu aies regardé cette croyance comme laissée à ta fantaisie, il faut que tu te sois dit à toi-même: La naissance est impossible ou peu convenable à un Dieu. Mais il n'y a rien d'impossible à Dieu, excepté ce qu'il ne veut pas. Considérons donc s'il n'a pas voulu naître; car s'il l'a voulu, il l'a pu et il est né. Je ne veux qu'un simple raisonnement. Si Dieu n'avait pas voulu naître, n'importe pour quelle cause, il ne se serait pas montré davantage sous une forme humaine. Je le demande, qui, en voyant un homme, nierait qu'il soit né? Conséquemment, ce qu'il n'a pas voulu être, il aurait refusé de le |392 paraître. Quand une chose déplaît, on en répudie jusqu'à l'opinion; car il est indifférent qu'une chose soit ou ne soit pas, si, quand elle n'est pas, on présume qu'elle existe. Au contraire, il n'est pas indifférent qu'on ne croie pas faussement de nous ce qui réellement n'existe pas.
---- « Mais, dis-tu, le témoignage de si propre conscience lui suffisait. Que les hommes crussent à sa naissance en le voyant homme, c'était leur affaire. » ----Combien il était plus digne de lui, combien plus conforme à sa conduite, de passer pour un homme, s'il avait une naissance réelle, que d'accepter, contre le témoignage de sa conscience, l'opinion qu'il était né quand il ne l'était pas, quoique tu le croies suffisant, pour que, sans avoir une naissance réelle, il confirmât un mensonge contre les dépositions de sa conscience! Mais quel si grand intérêt avait donc le Christ à ne pas se montrer tel qu il était, lorsqu'il savait bien ce qu'il était? Apprends-le moi. Tu ne peux objecter que s'il eût pris une naissance véritable et revêtu notre humanité, il eût cessé d'être Dieu, parce qu'il eût perdu ce qu'il était en devenant ce qu'il n'était pas. Dieu ne court pas le risque de déchoir de sa grandeur.
---- « Mais, répliques-tu, je nie que Dieu ait jamais été changé en homme jusqu'à naître et prendre un corps, parce que l'être sans fin est nécessairement immuable aussi: se changer en être nouveau, c'est détruire le premier. Donc l'être qui ne peut finir est incapable de changement. »
---- Sans doute, la nature des êtres soumis au changement est assujettie à cette loi; ils ne demeurent point dans ce qui se change en eux; et comme ils n'y demeurent pas, ils périssent, en perdant par ce changement ce qu'ils étaient avant lui. Mais rien ne ressemble à Dieu: sa nature diffère de la condition de tentes les choses humaines. Si donc les choses qui diffèrent de Dieu et dont Dieu diffère, perdent par ce changement ce qu'elles étaient |393 avant lui, quelle sera la différence entre la Divinité et les créatures, sinon de posséder la faculté contraire, c'est-à-dire, que Dieu puisse se changer en toutes choses, et demeurer tel qu'il est? Autrement, il ressemblera à toutes les créatures, qui perdent par le changement ce qu'elles étaient d'abord: Dieu ne leur est pas supérieur en toutes choses, s'il ne leur est pas supérieur aussi dans le mode de ce changement.
Tu as lu autrefois, tu as même cru que les anges du Créateur ont revêtu la forme humaine, portant un corps si réel, qu'Abraham lava leurs pieds; que leurs mains arrachèrent Loth à la violence des habitants de Sodome; que l'ange lutta contre l'homme, et que pressé entre les bras de celui-ci de tout le poids de son corps, il demanda d'être délivré. Quoi donc? Si par une permission de Dieu, des anges d'une nature inférieure à la sienne ont pu demeurer anges sous un corps d'homme, refuseras-tu cette faculté à Dieu, qui est bien plus puissant que les anges, comme si le Christ n'avait pu demeurer Dieu, en révélant réellement notre humanité? Ou bien, les corps de ces anges n'ont-ils été que des fantômes? Tu n'oserais pas le soutenir. Car, si dans ton système, les anges du Créateur ressemblent au Christ, le Christ sera l'envoyé de ce Dieu auquel appartiennent les anges qui ressemblent au Christ. Si tu n'avais pas répudié à dessein ou corrompu les Ecritures qui combattent ton opinion, l'Evangile de Jean t'aurait couvert de confusion sur ce point, lorsqu'il annonce que « l'Esprit descendit sur Nôtre-Seigneur sous la forme d'une colombe. » L'esprit saint sous ces apparences était aussi bien colombe qu'esprit: il n'avait pas anéanti sa propre substance, pour avoir pris une substance étrangère.
Mais tu me demandes ce qu'es! devenu Je corps de la colombe après que l'Esprit fut remonté au ciel. Je l'adresserai la même question pour les anges. La même puissance qui avait produit ces corps les fil disparaître. Si tu avais été présent quand ils furent tirés du néant, tu aurais |394 su comment ils retournent dans le néant; si leur commencement n'a pas été visible, leur fin ne l'est pas davantage. Toutefois ils furent des corps solides aussi longtemps qu'on put les voir. Ce qui est écrit ne peut pas n'avoir pas été.